William Safir's Journalistic Work on US Policy toward the Kurds (1976-1991)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.30.2.5Keywords:
Safire, Kurd, New York Times, Newspaper, AmericaAbstract
The efforts of prominent American journalists on the Kurdish issue, from the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in Iraq in 1975 until the mass exodus of Kurds in the spring of 1991, had a positive impact on changing the White House's hesitant policy toward the Kurds. William Safir was an influential writer for the New York Times, covering the Kurdish issue and analyzing American foreign policy in depth. His efforts contributed to a change in the US government's position, leading to the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 688 in 1991, which guaranteed the protection of the Kurdish people by establishing a no-fly zone over Iraq. The research, entitled "William Safir's Journalistic Activities on US Policy Toward the Kurds 1976-1991," consists of an introduction and two chapters. The first deals with Safir's personal biography, and the second focuses on Safir's position on key events in southern Kurdistan, including the collapse of the Kurdish revolution in 1975, the new Kurdish revolution, and the genocide.
References
▪ بەڵگەنامە بڵاونەکراوەکان
- House of Representatives, (2011), Camp Ashraf: Iraqi Obligations and State Department Accountability: Joint Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations and the Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Twelfth Congress, First Session, U.S. Goverment Printing Office, Washington, December 7.
▪ کتێبی بەڵگەنامەیی:
-شۆڕشی ئەیلوول لە بەڵگەنامە نهێنییەکانی ئەمریکادا، ئامادەکردن و وەرگێرانی: وریا رەحمانی، تاران، ٢٠١٣.
▪ یاداشت:
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▪ توێژینەوە زانستییەکان
بەزمانی کوردی
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بەزمانی روسی
- Alexey, Sennikov. (2021). Американо-иракские отношения и курдский вопрос в 1972–1975 гг., ISSN 2411-2070, No 4(24), 36-43. doi: 10.25730/vsu.2070.21.049.
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کتێب
بە زمانی کوردی
- شۆڕشی ئەیلوول لە بەڵگەنامە نهێنییەکانی ئەمریکادا، ئامادەکردن و وەرگێرانی: وریا رەحمانی، تاران، ٢٠١٣.
- عەدۆ، ئەسعەد.(٢٠٢١)، مێژووی سەرەتای شۆڕشی گوڵان ١٩٧٦/٥/٢٦، چ٢، لە بڵاوکراوەکانی دەستەی ئینسکلۆپیدیای پارتی دیموکراتی کوردستان. هەولێر.
بەزمانی عەرەبی
- صعب، جاد.(2021)، ربيع جديد (خريطة أنتفاضات أفريقيا و غرب أسيا 2018-2020)، ت: مروة الشريف و غسان بن خليفة،دار صفصاقة للنشر و التوزيع والدراسات، مصر.
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- Bingham, Jane. (2013), Living through the Gulf wars with Iraq, London: Raintree.
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ڕۆژنامەکان
● The New York Times
- Bernard Gwertzman, Kissinger Assails Report by Pike as ‘Malicious Lie’ Charges That House Intelligence Panel Produced a ‘Distorted’ Document—Ford Offers to Investigate Leak, February 13, 1976.
- Books of The Times; End Papers, June 18, 1964.
- Browne, Malcolm W. (1988), IDEAS & TRENDS: Chemical Weapons; 'Poor Man's Atomic Bomb' Is Once Again Used in Battle, April 17, Section 4.
- COLUMN BY SAFIRE ON KURDS ASSAILED, February 6, 1976.
- Cowell, Alan.(1988),IRAN CHARGES IRAQ WITH GAS ATTACK, March 24.
- Elaine, Sciolino.(1988), Kurdish Chief Gains Support In U.S. Visit, June 22, Section A.
- Kingson, Jennifer A. (1988), Victims of Gulf War Treated at Queens Hospital, April 6.
- Letters to the Editor, February 17, 1976.
- Pace, Eric. (1975), Leader of Kurdish Revolt Says That Fighting in Iraq Is Ended, 23 March.
- Safire, William. (1973), Openers, April 16, 1973.
- Safire, William. (1976), Of Kurds and Conscience, December 13.
- Safire, William. (1977), Of Kurds and Kissinger, Carter and Conscience, December 19.
- Safire, William. (1977), Of Kurds and Kissinger, Carter and Conscience, December 19.
- Safire, William. (1978), Silence is Guilt, April 24, Section A.
- Kihss, Peter. (1978), 3 on The Times Get Pulitzer Prizes; Philadelphia Inquirer Wins Award’, April 18.
- Safire, William. (1979), ESSAY ‘Forward to Death’, March 12, Section A.
- Safire, William. (1979), ESSAY, September 20.
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- Safire, William. (1991) E ssay; The Kurds' Dilemma, September 12, Section A, Page 25.
- Safire, William. (1991), ESSAY; Bush's Bay of Pigs, April 4, Section A,
- Safire, William. (1991), Essay; Duty to Intervene, April 15, Section A.
- Safire, William. (1991), ESSAY; Follow the Kurds to Save Iraq, March 28, Section A,
- Safire, William. (1991), Essay; To Protect the Kurds, June 24, Section A.
- Trainor, Bernard E. (1988), Chemical War: Threat in Third World? August 5, Section A.
● The village Voice
- Latham, Aaron. (1976), Report The President Does Not Want You to Read, Introduction to the Pike Papers, Vol. XXI, No.7، February 16.
پێگەی ئەلکترۆنی
بەزمانی ئینگلیزی
- McFadden, Robert. (2009), William Safire, Political Columnist and Oracle of Language, Sept. 27. ttps://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/28/us/28safire.html.
- Dowd, Maureen.(2009), Opinion On Safire, Sept. 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/30/opinion/30dowd.html.
- Kenneth J. Davis.(2009), Opinion Letter William Safire’s Legacy, Sept. 28. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/29/opinion/l29safire.html.
- بەزمانی روسی
- Сенников, А. И. (2019). Курдский вопрос в контексте ближневосточной политики администрации Р. Рейгана в 1981-1987 гг. Россия и Америка в XXI веке, (3), 11-11. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=43130767.
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