The U.S. Attitude to the Kurdish Question in Iran 1942-1959: A Historical and Documentary Study

Authors

  • Karwan Salih Waisy Department of History, Zakho University
  • Hogr Taher Tawfiq Department of History,Zakho University
  • Nizar Ayub Hassan Department of History,Zakho University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.27.SpB.24

Keywords:

Kurdish question in Iran, Soviet, U.S., CIA, Mullah Mustafa Barzani, Iran, Iraq and Turkey

Abstract

The Kurdish National Movement in Iran is one of the significance stage of the Kurdish national movement in the Middle East particularly this period under this study, as this period is considered to be the beginning of strengthen Kurdish national movement in Iran and the U.S attitude to the Kurdish question in Iran. Hence this period is being taken into an account in order to examine the Kurdish situation and their question in Iran also the U.S. evaluation of the Kurdish national movement in Iran and the role of Kurdish movement in gathering the US and Iranian so closely.

In this regard this study aims to answer some relating questions such as how strong was the Kurdish question at that time? How was the Kurdish national movement influenced Iran during this period? Did the Kurdish question affect the U.S. interests? What was the soviet role in the Kurdish question?

References

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6.ئەرشیڤێ نەتەوەیى یێ ئەمریکا

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6بەڵگەنامێن کوجکا سپى

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6 .تۆمارێن کونگرێسى

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6.چاڤپێکەفتن بزمانێ ئنگلیزى یێن دەزگەهێ کۆمەڵا ڤەکۆلینێن دپلۆماسى و مەشقکرنێن کاروبارێن دەرڤە پرۆژێ مێژوویا زارەکى یێ ئەمریکا

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-علي، علي رمضان فاضل.( 2014). SAVAK المخابرات الأيرانية إيرانبين السافاك و الحرس الثورى، ط1، الجيزة: دار طيبة للطباعة.

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-الگولى، نزار أیوب حسن .(2009). العلاقات الإيرانية-السوفيتية 1939-1947 دراسة تاريخية تحليلية، ط1،هولير: الاكادمية الكوردية،

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-هايس، جاسم محمد.(2017). استراتيجية الصراع الأمريكي – السوفيتى حول ايران، بيروت: دار الرفدين.

6.پەرتووک بزمانێ ئنگلیزى

-Arfa, Ḥ. (1966). The Kurds: an historical and political study.

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6. نامێن زانستى بزمانێ ئنگلیزى

-Fishburne Jr, C. C. (1964). United States Policy Toward Iran, 1959-1963. The Florida State University.

-Gök, M. (2018). The US policy objectives towards KRG: 1992-2017 (Master's thesis, Sakarya Üniversitesi).

-Howell Jr, W. N. (1965). The Soviet Union and the Kurds: A study of national minority problems in Soviet policy. University of Virginia.

-Lortz, M. G. (2005). Willing to face death: a history of Kurdish Military Forces—the Peshmerga—from the Ottoman Empire to present-day Iraq (Master’s dissertation, awarded by the Florida State University).

-Moravej, K. (2011). The SAVAK and the Cold War: Counter-Intelligence and Foreign Intelligence (1957-1968) (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Manchester).

-Vakil, S. (2005). Between ideology and the national interest: An analysis of United States-Iranian relations from 1989--2002. The Johns Hopkins University.

-Wolfe‐Hunnicutt, B. (2011). The End of the Concessionary Regime: Oil and American Power in Iraq, 1958‐1972 (Doctoral dissertation, STANFORD UNIVERSITY).

. 19.6. گۆڤارێن زانستى بزمانێ ئنگلیزى

-Aram, G. A., & Webb, J. E. (1951). Agreement Between the United States of America and Iran. American Journal of International Law, 45(3).

-Hahn, P. L. (2006). Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 36(1).

-Lenczowski, G. (1972). United States' support for Iran's independence and integrity, 1945-1959. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 401(1).

-Roosevelt Jr, A. (1947). The Kurdish Republic of Mahabad. The Middle East Journal.

-Waisy, K. S. (2015c). The Kurdish Peshmarga Force 1943-1975. (D) Global Journal of Human Social Science, Volume XV Issue II Version I

-Hassaniyan, A. (2019). The Kurdish peasant movement (1952–1953): A missing element of the Iranian Kurdish struggle. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies, 13(3).

-Simpson, B. (2012). The United States and the curious history of self-determination. Diplomatic History, 36(4).

6. رۆژنامێن بزمانێ ئنگلیزى

-The Atlanta Constitution Newspaper. (1946). Iranian Forces Enter Mahanad, Chief Declares, The Atlanta Constitution Newspaper, Retrieved,17 December, 1946

-The New Yok Times. .(1947.). Barzani Tribe in Russia, the New York Times Newspaper, Retrieved, 20 June, 1947

-The New Yok Times. (1947). Iranians Encircle Barzani Tribesmen, the New York Times Newspaper, Retrieved, 16 June, 1947

-The New York Times,.( 1946). Kurd Says Rebels Got Russian Arms, The New York Times, retrieved, 4 April, 1946

-The New York Times. (1946). Kurd Chief Seized by Iranian Troops, the New York Times Newspaper, Retrieved, 12 December, 1946

-The New York Times. (1951). Premier of Iran is Shot to Death in a Mosque by a Religious Fanatic; Premire of Iran Slain in Mosque Cabinet in Emergence Session Victim of Assassin, the New York Times, Retrieved, 8 March, 1951

-The Washington Post. (1947). 200-Mile Fight Takes Iraq Tribe to Red Territory, the Washington Post Newspaper, Retrieved, 20 June, 1947

-The Washington Post. (1947). Iran Troops Dispatched Against Barzani Rebels, The Washington Post Newspaper, retrieved, 5 June, 1947.

6.ژێدەرێن ئەلکترونى

-Arash, Norouzi. (2011). Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas-Mossadegh’s #1 US Admirer, The Mossadegh Project, Retrieved, 4 April, 2011, [Online]. Available at: https://www.mohammadmossadegh.com/news/william-o-douglas/ (Accessed: 8 November 2022).

-Ghazaryan, Gayane. (2019). The Kurdish Voice of Radio Erevan, Evn Yoth Report, retrieved, 24 June, 2019, , [Online] Availabe at: https://evnreport.com/evn-youth-report/the-kurdish-voice-of-radio-yerevan/ (Accessed 6 December 2022)

-Harry S. Truman Library & Museum, Allen, George V. Papers, [Online] Availabe at: https://www.trumanlibrary. gov/library/personal-papers/george-v-allen-papers (Accessed 5 December 2022).

-Sagamore Hill National Historic Site, Archibald Roosevelt, , [Online] Availabe at: https://www.nps.gov/people/archibald-roosevelt.htm (Accessed 7 December 2022).

-The Library of Congress, The Atlanta Constitution 9Atlanta, Ga.) 1885-19??, [Online] Availabe at: https://www. loc.gov/item/sn89053706/ (Accessed 2 December 2022).

-The University of Exeter Special Collectios. (2021). Rya Teze and the Kurds in Armenia, The University of Exeter Special Collectio, retrieved, 7 September, 2021, [Online] Availabe at: https://specialcollections. exeter.ac.uk/ 2021/09/07/rya-teze-and-the-kurds-in-armenia/ (Accessed 6 December 2022).

-Washington Post Staff, Washington Post Company History, [Online] Availabe at: https://www.washingtonpost. com/company-history/ (Accessed 5 December 2022).

Published

2023-12-15

How to Cite

Waisy , K. S. ., Tawfiq , H. T. ., & Hassan , N. A. (2023). The U.S. Attitude to the Kurdish Question in Iran 1942-1959: A Historical and Documentary Study. Zanco Journal of Human Sciences, 27(SpB), 427–461. https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.27.SpB.24

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