The Consequences of PKK Disarmament on Turkey's National Security
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.30.SpA.7الكلمات المفتاحية:
PKK disarmament, Turkish national security, Kurdish conflict, (disarmamen liberation, reunification)الملخص
The disarmament of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) represents a significant milestone in Turkey's national security strategy. This study explores the intricate process of dismantling the PKK, situating the issue within historical, political, and regional security contexts. Through qualitative analysis, it evaluates the strategic advantages and potential risks related to the PKK's disarmament, while also considering the threats posed by PKK fragmentation, persistent regional instability, and nationalist responses within Turkish politics. The study draws on examples of demilitarization processes and identifies essential prerequisites for their successful implementation, including institutional reforms, political agreements, and mechanisms for societal integration. Even though disarmament might lower immediate dangers, Turkey must reevaluate its internal security approach and address the complicated relations in the region with Syria and Iraq. The study ends with practical policy suggestions for Turkish policymakers and stresses the importance of establishing a formal framework for disarmament, liberalization, reintegration, inclusive political dialogue, and international oversight. Ultimately, disarming the PKK should be regarded not as a final goal, but as a crucial step toward achieving long-term strategic peace and stability in Turkey.
المراجع
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White, S. P. ( 2023). "The Organizational Determinants of Military Doctrine: A History of Army Information Operations." Texas National Security Review 6(1): 51-78.
- Yavuz, M. H. (2001). "Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 7(3): 1-24.
- Yavuz, M. H. and N. A. Özcan (2006). "The Kurdish Question and Turkey's Justice and Development Party." Middle East Policy 13(1).
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- Abdulghany, F. (2025). " Challenges and Impacts of Reintegrating
- Armed Groups in Post-Transition Syria."
- Barkey, H. J. (2019). "The Kurdish Awakening." Foreign Affairs 98(2): 107-122.
- Bihan-Poudec, E. ((2020).). An analysis of the demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration process of former FARC fighters in Colombia. (Master’s thesis, Central European University). https://etd.ceu.eduBihan-Poudec,Emma.
- Çağaptay, S. (2020). "Turkey's Syria Predicament: The Unintended Consequences of Intervention." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- Çandar, C. (2012). Leaving the mountain’: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence. Istanbul, TR: Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation.
- Cardenas, M. C. (2002). "Colombia's Peace Process: The Continuous Search for Peace." Fla. J. Int'l L. 15: 273.
- Congress.gov (2025). "Northern Ireland: The peace process, ongoing challenges (CRS Report No. R46259). Congressional Research Service."
- Council, U. S. (2025). " S/2025/188 - Security Council. https://docs.un.org/en/S/2025/188."
- Democracy, O. (2017). "The FARC and politics: Inclusion in political processes is a very Complex issue www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/agena-item-2-political-participation/."
- Ginty, R. (2006). No war, no peace, Springer.
- Golmohammadi, V. (2021). "Transformation in Turkey's Strategic Culture and its National Security Doctrine; A Pivotal Turn or Balancing in Foreign Policy?" Strategic Studies Quarterly 24(2): 73-104.
- Grosu, R. (2021). "An Academic Approach of the Military Doctrine.”." Impact of Defense and Security.revista.unap 23_50_GROSU_An+Academic+Approach_military+doctrine (4).pdf.
- Guelke, A. (2012). Politics in deeply divided societies, Polity.
- Gunes, C. (2013). The Kurdish national movement in Turkey: From protest to resistance, Routledge.
- Gunter, M. (2011). The Kurds ascending: The evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey, Springer.
- Gunter, M. M. (2015). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East, Oxford University Press.
Gunter, M. M. (2024). The Kurds in the Changing Political Map of the Middle East. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 75-95.
Gürcan, M. (2017). ""The Transformation of the Turkish Military After the July 15 Coup Attempt"." Center for a New American Security (CNAS).
- Jongerden, J. (2024). The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdistan, Woman’s Revolution, and Democratic Confederalism, written by Abdullah Öcalan. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 115-117.
- Kasapoglu, C. and C. Kasapoglu (2017). Turkey's Forward-Basing Posture, JSTOR.
- Kirisci, K. and G. M. Winrow (2013). The Kurdish question and Turkey: An example of a trans-state ethnic conflict, Routledge.
- Marcus, A. (2009). Blood and belief: The PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence, NYU Press.
- Media, G. (2025). "Gzero Media. (2025 ). Twenty years since IRA disarmament: What's changed in Northern Ireland https://www.gzeromedia.com/twenty-years-ira-disarmament."
- Özcan, A. K. (2012). Turkey's Kurds: A theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, Routledge
- Ozerdem, A. and T. Jacoby (2008). Post-war recovery: Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, IB Tauris.
- Palik, J. ( (2025, February 17)). "How Colombia’s disarmament process transformed weapons into symbols of peace. Peace Research Institute Oslo. ." https://www.prio.org/2025/02/how-colombias-disarmament-process-transformed-weapons-into-symbols-of-peace/.
- Romano, D. (2006). The Kurdish nationalist movement: Opportunity, mobilization and identity, Cambridge University Press.
- Rufer, R. (2005)). "Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)https://www.dcaf.ch/disarmament-demobilisation-and-reintegration-ddr."
- Sinkaya, B. (2004). Conflict and cooperation in turkey-iran relations: 1989-2001, METU.
- Thomson, A. (2020). "The credible commitment problem and multiple armed groups: FARC perceptions of insecurity during disarmament in the Colombian peace process." Conflict, Security & Development 20(4): 497-517.
- UNDP. (2006). Practice Note: Disarmament, D. a. R. D. U. N. D. P. w. u. o. s. g. f. z. f. p. U. D. P.
- Watts, N. F. (2009). "Re-considering state-society dynamics in Turkey’s Kurdish Southeast." European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey(10).
- Watts, N. F. (2011). Activists in office: Kurdish politics and protest in Turkey. Activists in Office, University of Washington Press.
White, S. P. ( 2023). "The Organizational Determinants of Military Doctrine: A History of Army Information Operations." Texas National Security Review 6(1): 51-78.
- Yavuz, M. H. (2001). "Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 7(3): 1-24.
- Yavuz, M. H. and N. A. Özcan (2006). "The Kurdish Question and Turkey's Justice and Development Party." Middle East Policy 13(1).
- (ICG), I. C. G. (2021). " Turkey’s PKK Conflict: A Visual Explainer." https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkey/turkeys-pkk-conflict-visual-explainer.
- Abdulghany, F. (2025). " Challenges and Impacts of Reintegrating
- Armed Groups in Post-Transition Syria."
- Barkey, H. J. (2019). "The Kurdish Awakening." Foreign Affairs 98(2): 107-122.
- Bihan-Poudec, E. ((2020).). An analysis of the demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration process of former FARC fighters in Colombia. (Master’s thesis, Central European University). https://etd.ceu.eduBihan-Poudec,Emma.
- Çağaptay, S. (2020). "Turkey's Syria Predicament: The Unintended Consequences of Intervention." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- Çandar, C. (2012). Leaving the mountain’: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence. Istanbul, TR: Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation.
- Cardenas, M. C. (2002). "Colombia's Peace Process: The Continuous Search for Peace." Fla. J. Int'l L. 15: 273.
- Congress.gov (2025). "Northern Ireland: The peace process, ongoing challenges (CRS Report No. R46259). Congressional Research Service."
- Council, U. S. (2025). " S/2025/188 - Security Council. https://docs.un.org/en/S/2025/188."
- Democracy, O. (2017). "The FARC and politics: Inclusion in political processes is a very Complex issue www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/agena-item-2-political-participation/."
- Ginty, R. (2006). No war, no peace, Springer.
- Golmohammadi, V. (2021). "Transformation in Turkey's Strategic Culture and its National Security Doctrine; A Pivotal Turn or Balancing in Foreign Policy?" Strategic Studies Quarterly 24(2): 73-104.
- Grosu, R. (2021). "An Academic Approach of the Military Doctrine.”." Impact of Defense and Security.revista.unap 23_50_GROSU_An+Academic+Approach_military+doctrine (4).pdf.
- Guelke, A. (2012). Politics in deeply divided societies, Polity.
- Gunes, C. (2013). The Kurdish national movement in Turkey: From protest to resistance, Routledge.
- Gunter, M. (2011). The Kurds ascending: The evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey, Springer.
- Gunter, M. M. (2015). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East, Oxford University Press.
Gunter, M. M. (2024). The Kurds in the Changing Political Map of the Middle East. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 75-95.
Gürcan, M. (2017). ""The Transformation of the Turkish Military After the July 15 Coup Attempt"." Center for a New American Security (CNAS).
- Jongerden, J. (2024). The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdistan, Woman’s Revolution, and Democratic Confederalism, written by Abdullah Öcalan. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 115-117.
- Kasapoglu, C. and C. Kasapoglu (2017). Turkey's Forward-Basing Posture, JSTOR.
- Kirisci, K. and G. M. Winrow (2013). The Kurdish question and Turkey: An example of a trans-state ethnic conflict, Routledge.
- Marcus, A. (2009). Blood and belief: The PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence, NYU Press.
- Media, G. (2025). "Gzero Media. (2025 ). Twenty years since IRA disarmament: What's changed in Northern Ireland https://www.gzeromedia.com/twenty-years-ira-disarmament."
- Özcan, A. K. (2012). Turkey's Kurds: A theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, Routledge
- Ozerdem, A. and T. Jacoby (2008). Post-war recovery: Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, IB Tauris.
- Palik, J. ( (2025, February 17)). "How Colombia’s disarmament process transformed weapons into symbols of peace. Peace Research Institute Oslo. ." https://www.prio.org/2025/02/how-colombias-disarmament-process-transformed-weapons-into-symbols-of-peace/.
- Romano, D. (2006). The Kurdish nationalist movement: Opportunity, mobilization and identity, Cambridge University Press.
- Rufer, R. (2005)). "Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)https://www.dcaf.ch/disarmament-demobilisation-and-reintegration-ddr."
- Sinkaya, B. (2004). Conflict and cooperation in turkey-iran relations: 1989-2001, METU.
- Thomson, A. (2020). "The credible commitment problem and multiple armed groups: FARC perceptions of insecurity during disarmament in the Colombian peace process." Conflict, Security & Development 20(4): 497-517.
- UNDP. (2006). Practice Note: Disarmament, D. a. R. D. U. N. D. P. w. u. o. s. g. f. z. f. p. U. D. P.
- Watts, N. F. (2009). "Re-considering state-society dynamics in Turkey’s Kurdish Southeast." European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey(10).
- Watts, N. F. (2011). Activists in office: Kurdish politics and protest in Turkey. Activists in Office, University of Washington Press.
White, S. P. ( 2023). "The Organizational Determinants of Military Doctrine: A History of Army Information Operations." Texas National Security Review 6(1): 51-78.
- Yavuz, M. H. (2001). "Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 7(3): 1-24.
- Yavuz, M. H. and N. A. Özcan (2006). "The Kurdish Question and Turkey's Justice and Development Party." Middle East Policy 13(1).
- (ICG), I. C. G. (2021). " Turkey’s PKK Conflict: A Visual Explainer." https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkey/turkeys-pkk-conflict-visual-explainer.
- Abdulghany, F. (2025). " Challenges and Impacts of Reintegrating
- Armed Groups in Post-Transition Syria."
- Barkey, H. J. (2019). "The Kurdish Awakening." Foreign Affairs 98(2): 107-122.
- Bihan-Poudec, E. ((2020).). An analysis of the demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration process of former FARC fighters in Colombia. (Master’s thesis, Central European University). https://etd.ceu.eduBihan-Poudec,Emma.
- Çağaptay, S. (2020). "Turkey's Syria Predicament: The Unintended Consequences of Intervention." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- Çandar, C. (2012). Leaving the mountain’: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence. Istanbul, TR: Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation.
- Cardenas, M. C. (2002). "Colombia's Peace Process: The Continuous Search for Peace." Fla. J. Int'l L. 15: 273.
- Congress.gov (2025). "Northern Ireland: The peace process, ongoing challenges (CRS Report No. R46259). Congressional Research Service."
- Council, U. S. (2025). " S/2025/188 - Security Council. https://docs.un.org/en/S/2025/188."
- Democracy, O. (2017). "The FARC and politics: Inclusion in political processes is a very Complex issue www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/agena-item-2-political-participation/."
- Ginty, R. (2006). No war, no peace, Springer.
- Golmohammadi, V. (2021). "Transformation in Turkey's Strategic Culture and its National Security Doctrine; A Pivotal Turn or Balancing in Foreign Policy?" Strategic Studies Quarterly 24(2): 73-104.
- Grosu, R. (2021). "An Academic Approach of the Military Doctrine.”." Impact of Defense and Security.revista.unap 23_50_GROSU_An+Academic+Approach_military+doctrine (4).pdf.
- Guelke, A. (2012). Politics in deeply divided societies, Polity.
- Gunes, C. (2013). The Kurdish national movement in Turkey: From protest to resistance, Routledge.
- Gunter, M. (2011). The Kurds ascending: The evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey, Springer.
- Gunter, M. M. (2015). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East, Oxford University Press.
Gunter, M. M. (2024). The Kurds in the Changing Political Map of the Middle East. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 75-95.
Gürcan, M. (2017). ""The Transformation of the Turkish Military After the July 15 Coup Attempt"." Center for a New American Security (CNAS).
- Jongerden, J. (2024). The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdistan, Woman’s Revolution, and Democratic Confederalism, written by Abdullah Öcalan. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 115-117.
- Kasapoglu, C. and C. Kasapoglu (2017). Turkey's Forward-Basing Posture, JSTOR.
- Kirisci, K. and G. M. Winrow (2013). The Kurdish question and Turkey: An example of a trans-state ethnic conflict, Routledge.
- Marcus, A. (2009). Blood and belief: The PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence, NYU Press.
- Media, G. (2025). "Gzero Media. (2025 ). Twenty years since IRA disarmament: What's changed in Northern Ireland https://www.gzeromedia.com/twenty-years-ira-disarmament."
- Özcan, A. K. (2012). Turkey's Kurds: A theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, Routledge
- Ozerdem, A. and T. Jacoby (2008). Post-war recovery: Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, IB Tauris.
- Palik, J. ( (2025, February 17)). "How Colombia’s disarmament process transformed weapons into symbols of peace. Peace Research Institute Oslo. ." https://www.prio.org/2025/02/how-colombias-disarmament-process-transformed-weapons-into-symbols-of-peace/.
- Romano, D. (2006). The Kurdish nationalist movement: Opportunity, mobilization and identity, Cambridge University Press.
- Rufer, R. (2005)). "Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)https://www.dcaf.ch/disarmament-demobilisation-and-reintegration-ddr."
- Sinkaya, B. (2004). Conflict and cooperation in turkey-iran relations: 1989-2001, METU.
- Thomson, A. (2020). "The credible commitment problem and multiple armed groups: FARC perceptions of insecurity during disarmament in the Colombian peace process." Conflict, Security & Development 20(4): 497-517.
- UNDP. (2006). Practice Note: Disarmament, D. a. R. D. U. N. D. P. w. u. o. s. g. f. z. f. p. U. D. P.
- Watts, N. F. (2009). "Re-considering state-society dynamics in Turkey’s Kurdish Southeast." European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey(10).
- Watts, N. F. (2011). Activists in office: Kurdish politics and protest in Turkey. Activists in Office, University of Washington Press.
White, S. P. ( 2023). "The Organizational Determinants of Military Doctrine: A History of Army Information Operations." Texas National Security Review 6(1): 51-78.
- Yavuz, M. H. (2001). "Five stages of the construction of Kurdish nationalism in Turkey." Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 7(3): 1-24.
- Yavuz, M. H. and N. A. Özcan (2006). "The Kurdish Question and Turkey's Justice and Development Party." Middle East Policy 13(1).
- (ICG), I. C. G. (2021). " Turkey’s PKK Conflict: A Visual Explainer." https://www.crisisgroup.org/europe-central-asia/western-europemediterranean/turkey/turkeys-pkk-conflict-visual-explainer.
- Abdulghany, F. (2025). " Challenges and Impacts of Reintegrating
- Armed Groups in Post-Transition Syria."
- Barkey, H. J. (2019). "The Kurdish Awakening." Foreign Affairs 98(2): 107-122.
- Bihan-Poudec, E. ((2020).). An analysis of the demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration process of former FARC fighters in Colombia. (Master’s thesis, Central European University). https://etd.ceu.eduBihan-Poudec,Emma.
- Çağaptay, S. (2020). "Turkey's Syria Predicament: The Unintended Consequences of Intervention." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.
- Çandar, C. (2012). Leaving the mountain’: How may the PKK lay down arms? Freeing the Kurdish Question from violence. Istanbul, TR: Turkish Economic and Social Studies Foundation.
- Cardenas, M. C. (2002). "Colombia's Peace Process: The Continuous Search for Peace." Fla. J. Int'l L. 15: 273.
- Congress.gov (2025). "Northern Ireland: The peace process, ongoing challenges (CRS Report No. R46259). Congressional Research Service."
- Council, U. S. (2025). " S/2025/188 - Security Council. https://docs.un.org/en/S/2025/188."
- Democracy, O. (2017). "The FARC and politics: Inclusion in political processes is a very Complex issue www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/agena-item-2-political-participation/."
- Ginty, R. (2006). No war, no peace, Springer.
- Golmohammadi, V. (2021). "Transformation in Turkey's Strategic Culture and its National Security Doctrine; A Pivotal Turn or Balancing in Foreign Policy?" Strategic Studies Quarterly 24(2): 73-104.
- Grosu, R. (2021). "An Academic Approach of the Military Doctrine.”." Impact of Defense and Security.revista.unap 23_50_GROSU_An+Academic+Approach_military+doctrine (4).pdf.
- Guelke, A. (2012). Politics in deeply divided societies, Polity.
- Gunes, C. (2013). The Kurdish national movement in Turkey: From protest to resistance, Routledge.
- Gunter, M. (2011). The Kurds ascending: The evolving solution to the Kurdish problem in Iraq and Turkey, Springer.
- Gunter, M. M. (2015). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East, Oxford University Press.
Gunter, M. M. (2024). The Kurds in the Changing Political Map of the Middle East. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 75-95.
Gürcan, M. (2017). ""The Transformation of the Turkish Military After the July 15 Coup Attempt"." Center for a New American Security (CNAS).
- Jongerden, J. (2024). The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan, Kurdistan, Woman’s Revolution, and Democratic Confederalism, written by Abdullah Öcalan. Kurdish Studies Archive, Brill: 115-117.
- Kasapoglu, C. and C. Kasapoglu (2017). Turkey's Forward-Basing Posture, JSTOR.
- Kirisci, K. and G. M. Winrow (2013). The Kurdish question and Turkey: An example of a trans-state ethnic conflict, Routledge.
- Marcus, A. (2009). Blood and belief: The PKK and the Kurdish fight for independence, NYU Press.
- Media, G. (2025). "Gzero Media. (2025 ). Twenty years since IRA disarmament: What's changed in Northern Ireland https://www.gzeromedia.com/twenty-years-ira-disarmament."
- Özcan, A. K. (2012). Turkey's Kurds: A theoretical analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan, Routledge
- Ozerdem, A. and T. Jacoby (2008). Post-war recovery: Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration, IB Tauris.
- Palik, J. ( (2025, February 17)). "How Colombia’s disarmament process transformed weapons into symbols of peace. Peace Research Institute Oslo. ." https://www.prio.org/2025/02/how-colombias-disarmament-process-transformed-weapons-into-symbols-of-peace/.
- Romano, D. (2006). The Kurdish nationalist movement: Opportunity, mobilization and identity, Cambridge University Press.
- Rufer, R. (2005)). "Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR)https://www.dcaf.ch/disarmament-demobilisation-and-reintegration-ddr."
- Sinkaya, B. (2004). Conflict and cooperation in turkey-iran relations: 1989-2001, METU.
- Thomson, A. (2020). "The credible commitment problem and multiple armed groups: FARC perceptions of insecurity during disarmament in the Colombian peace process." Conflict, Security & Development 20(4): 497-517.
- UNDP. (2006). Practice Note: Disarmament, D. a. R. D. U. N. D. P. w. u. o. s. g. f. z. f. p. U. D. P.
- Watts, N. F. (2009). "Re-considering state-society dynamics in Turkey’s Kurdish Southeast." European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey(10).
- Watts, N. F. (2011). Activists in office: Kurdish politics and protest in Turkey. Activists in Office, University of Washington Press.
White, S. P. ( 2023). "The Organizational Determinants of Military Doctrine: A History of Army Information Operations." Texas National Security Review 6(1): 51-78.
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