The Administration of Bush’s Son Foreign Policy towards the Middle East 2001-2003: Afghanistan and Iraq as an Instance under the Light of Bush’s Speeches

Authors

  • Karwan Salih Waisy College of Human Sciences, History Department, University of Zakho.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.29.3.6

Keywords:

Gorge Bush’s son, US foreign policy, international relations, Gorge Bush’s doctrine, United Nations, Middle East and Terrorist’s war.

Abstract

This research which entitles “The administration of Bush’s son foreign policy towards the Middle East 2001-2003: Afghanistan and Iraq as an instance”, is studied a very crucial part of the foreign policy of the Bush’s son toward the Middle East. This research is used a number of significant documents and newspaper reports, which are relevant to the foreign policy of the Bush’s administration towards the Middle East. The terrorist attack of 11 September of 2001 imposed the US president, Bush’s son to put an end to the ancient policies of containment and initiative a new idea for the US to construct peace, stability and freedom through cultivating of democracy’s seeds. The administration of Bush’s son, greatly observed the democracy for the US national interests and the world peace also its reality.

This study main aim is to explore the administration of Bush’s son believed it was the US responsibility to bring prosperity and peace to the civilization world, especially the Middle East. The Bush’s son administration foreign policy of the Middle East took two positions till to be capable to form freedom, friendly manner, peace, hope, stability and democracy in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Bush administration foreign policy to establish democracy within Iraq and Afghanistan in the Middle East did not stop. In other words, it effected on the Arab-Israel peace process as well.

This article attempts to answer some critical questions for instance why after the terrorist attack of 11 September 2001 the US and the Bush’s administration directly declared war on terror? Why the war on terror forwarded the US to Afghanistan as well as Iraq? Why the US was impatient with prior efforts of the US foreign policy for generating the prosperity, peace and stability in the Middle East? Was The US foreign policy wisely contemplated on generating the democracy and showing local democracy? did the world unipolar give the US opportunities to take this effective force. As, the merely world power, it was in the US interests to protect its economic and alliances as well as making suitable circumstance in the desires of its leaders?

References

بەڵگەنامەیێن گوتارێن بوشێ کۆر:

- Bush Presidential Campaign. (In Press). George W. Bush: Campaigns and Elections. Retrieved December 12, 2000, [Online] available at: http://millercenter.org/president/biography/gwbush-campaigns-and-elections (Accessed 4 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). Address to the Nation on Terrorist Attacks. Retrieved September 11, 2001, [Online] available at: http://www.presidency. ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=58057 (Accessed 6 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (2002). President Delivers State of Union Address. Retrieved January 29, 2002, , [Online] available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.htm (Accessed 6 July 2024). .

- Bush, George W. (In Press). Address Before a Joint Session of Congress. Retrieved September 20, 2001, [Online] available at: http://www. americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911jointsessionspeech.htm (Accessed 7 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). George W. Bush’s first inaugural Address. Retrieved January 20, 2001, [Online] available at: http://millercenter. org/president/gwbush/speeches/speech-3645 (Accessed 7 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). National Security Strategy. Retrieved March 16, 2006, [Online] available at: http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/ 2006/nss2006.pdf (Accessed 8 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). President Address to the Nation. Retrieved October 7, 2001, [Online] available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/10/20011007-8.html (Accessed 8 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). President Bush Delivers Graduation Speech at West Point. Retrieved June 1, 2002, [Online] available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020601-3.htm (Accessed 8 July 2024)

- Bush, George W. (In Press). President Delivers State of Union Address. Retrieved January 29, 2002, [Online] available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html (Accessed 8 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). President Discusses Future of Iraq. Retrieved February 26, 2004, [Online] available at: https:// georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030226-11.html (Accessed 11July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). President Speaks on the War Effort To the Citadel Cadets. Retrieved December 11, 2001, [Online] available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/12/20011211-6.html. (Accessed 12 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved September 12, 2002, [Online] available at: http://www.state.gov/p/io/potusunga/207557.htm. (Accessed 13 July 2024).

- Bush, George W. (In Press). National Security Strategy 2002. Retrieved September 17, 2002, [Online] available at: http://www.whitehouse. gov/nsc/nss.pd (Accessed 18 July 2024).

- CCN. (In Press). Transcript of President Bush’s Address. Retrieved September 11, 2001, [Online] available at: http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/20/genbush.transcript. (Accessed 18 July 2024).

- Cornwell, Rupert. (In Press). Bush: God Told Me to Invade Iraq. Retrieved October 7, 2005, [Online] available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/bush-god-told-me-to-invade-iraq-6262644.html. (Accessed 19 July 2024).

- Council on Foreign Relations. (In Press). The Bush Administration’s Doctrine of Preemption (and prevention): When, How , where?. Retrieved February1, 2004, [Online] available at: http://www.cfr.org/world/bush-administrations-doctrine-preemption-prevention-/p6799 (Accessed 19 July 2024).

- Jarrat, Susan C. (In Press). George W. Bush, “Graduation Speech at West Point”. Retrieved June 1, 2002, [Online] available at: http://voicesofdemocracy.umd.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/jarratt-bush.pdf (Accessed 20 July 2024).

- The Washington Post. (In Press). Text of President Bush's 2003 State of the Union Address. Retrieved January 28, 2003, [Online] available at: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/ transcripts/ bush text _012803.html (Accessed 22 July 2024).

- The White House. (In Press). President George W. Bush’s Farewell Address to the Nation. Retrieved January 15, 2009, [Online] available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse. archives.gov/in focus/bush record/. (Accessed 23 July 2024).

- The White House. (In Press). The 2003 State of the Union Address: Complete Transcript of President Bush's Speech to Congress and the Nation. Retrieved January 28, 2003, [Online] available at: http://whitehouse. georgewbush.org/news/2003/012803-SOTU.asp. (Accessed 24 July 2024).

- United States History. (In Press). United States History: George W. Bush. Retrieved January 20, 2005, [Online] available at: http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h2023.html. (Accessed 27 July 2024).

- Willetts, Peter. (In Press). Speech by George W. Bush, President of the United States, at the United Nations General Assembly. Retrieved September 12, 2002, [Online] available at: http://www.staff. city.ac.uk/ p.willetts/ IRAQ/BUSH0902.HTM (Accessed 30 July 2024).

- The National Archives (in Press), 9/11: The Steel of American Resolve, retrieved, September 11, 2011 (online) available at: https://www.georgewbushlibrary.gov/explore/exhibits/911-steel-american-resolve (Accessed 22 October 2024).

- The White House. (In Press), Statement by the President in his address to the Nation, the white house, retrieved September 11, 2001, (online) available at: https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010911-16.html (Accessed 22 October 2024).

- National Security Council, Presidential Policy Initiative/ Review the Al- Qida Network, memorandum from Richard A. Clarke to Condoleezza Rice, Department of State, Washington, D.C., January 21, 2001

-

پەرتووک:

- Anne, C. Andresen. (2006). Kyoto's enemy: the American Oil Industry's Influence in the Signing and Non-Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. Unpublished Master’s degree. Political Science Department, Faculty of Political Science. University of Oslo.

- Perry, W. L, R. E. Darilek, Rohn, L. L. & SJ. M, Ollinger. (2015). Operation Iraqi Freedom: Decisive War, Elusive Peace Report. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation Publication.

- Quarantello, K. (2013). The Bush Doctrine and Presidential Rhetoric: Change and Continuity in Us Foreign Policy. Unpublished honor thesis, Wellesley College Digital Scholarship and Archive.

- Richard S. Conley. (2010). Historical Dictionary of the George W. Bush Era. Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.

- William A. Degergorio. (2013). The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. U.S.A: The Barricade Books Inc.

نامەیێن زانستى:

- Abdulla, H. (2016). Sir Charles Belgrave and the rise and fall of Bahrain’s National Union Committee: January 1953 to April 1957 (Doctoral dissertation, University of East Anglia).

گۆڤار:

- Wall, I. M. (2004). The French-American War over Iraq. The Brown Journal of World Affairs 10 (2).

- Jervis, R. (2003). Understanding the Bush Doctrine. Political Science Quarterly 118(3) .

ژێدەرێن ئەلکترونى:

- Barrett, Del. (In Press). “War on Terror”, - An International Choice of Words? A Corpus Analysis of War on and War Against. Retrieved September, 2001, [Online] available at: http://www.birmingham.ac.uk /document nts/college-arts law/corpus/conference-archives/2007/20Paper.pdf (Accessed 2 August 2024).

- Bunch, Terence. (In Press). Iraq, the United States Empire, and the failure of Globalist war Geostrategy in south-west Asia. Retrieved March 20, 2013, [Online] available at: http://terencebunch.co.uk/articles/iraq-the-united-states-empire-and-the-failure-of-globalist-war-geostrategy-in-south-west-asia/#the- legacy-of-the-Iraq-intervention (Accessed 3 August 2024).

- NTUN. (In Press). Why did the United States Invade Iraq in 2003? Retrieved October 25, 2012, [Online] available at: http://www. popularsocialscience.com/2012/10/25/why-did-the-united-states-invade-iraq-in-2003-2/. (Accessed 3 August 2024).

- The Miller Center. (In Press). George W. Bush Foreign Policy. Retrieved 11 September 11, 2001, [Online] available at: http://millercenter.org/president /biography/gwbush-foreign-affairs. (Accessed 6 August 2024).

- The UN Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol (In Press). The Kyoto Protocol. Retrieved February 16, 2005, [Online] available at: http://www.un.org/wcm/ content /site/ climate change/lang/en/ pages/gateway/the-negotiations/the-un-climate-change-convention-and-the-kyoto-protocol (Accessed 7 August 2024).

- BCC. (In Press). More Information About: The 9/11 Terrorist Attacks. Retrieved September 11, 2001, [Online] available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history /events/the_september_11th_terrorist_attacks (Accessed 8 August 2024).

- History Chanel. (In Press). 911 Attacks. Retrieved September11, 2001, [Online] available at: http://www.history.com/topics/9-11-attacks (Accessed 10 August 2024).

Published

2025-06-15

How to Cite

Karwan Salih Waisy. (2025). The Administration of Bush’s Son Foreign Policy towards the Middle East 2001-2003: Afghanistan and Iraq as an Instance under the Light of Bush’s Speeches. Zanco Journal of Human Sciences, 29(3), 119–143. https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.29.3.6

Issue

Section

Original Articles