Diplomatic Relations between the Mamluk and Ilkhanate States from 694 To 736 AH / 1294 To 1336 AD (It is a Historical, Investigative Study)

Abstract

This study, entitled "Diplomatic Relations between the Mamluk and Ilkhanate States from 694 to 736 AH / 1294 to 1336 AD," is a historical analysis that examines the diplomatic interactions between these two powers. Despite a long history of conflict, both states managed to shift from hostility towards a more peaceful and cooperative relationship. This transformation was facilitated through the exchange of ambassadors, diplomats, and valuable gifts. The military prowess of the Mamluks attracted the attention of the Mongol state, prompting them to seek closer relations. In response to the Mongol's growing influence and power, the Mamluks fortified their defense strategies to safeguard their national security, which led them to seek alliances to protect their strategic interests. Consequently, the Ilkhanate, recognizing these efforts, opted for diplomatic engagement with the Mamluks instead of confrontation. Both states employed diplomatic tools such as peace treaties, diplomatic correspondence, gifts, and envoys, which formed the cornerstone of their relations. All negotiations between the two powers adhered to the prevailing diplomatic norms and laws of the Islamic world.

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