Using Different Carbon Resources to Enhance Germination and Growth Components of Two Varieties of Sorghum bicolor L.

Shakir Bahaddin Shakir; Ako Hussein Mahmood

doi:10.21271/ZJPAS.35.5.17

Authors

Shakir Bahaddin Shakir Department of Field crops and Medicinal Plants, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region – F.R. Iraq
Ako Hussein Mahmood Department of Forestry, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region – F.R. Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.35.5.17

Keywords:

Charcoal, growth characters, sawdust, seed germination, white sugar, and biomass

Abstract

Sorghum is regarded as a crop with a dual purpose (grain and forage), however it hasn't been prioritized as a crop in Iraq since it relies on outdated types. The goal of this study was to assess the effects of three different carbon sources (charcoal, sawdust, and white sugar) on the plant growth and yield performance of the two varieties of Sorghum bicolor. The experiment was a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Overall, seed germination percentages were significantly affected by varieties and treatments. However, the highest germination was recorded in variety one 93.83%. In relevant of effectiveness of different carbon resources on growth characteristics, the outcomes were differed, for example, the effects of all treatments were non-significant for characters’ fresh leaf weight and dry leaf weight compare to control treatment. Although, the highest results were recorded in sawdust treatment (18.83 g) and the lowest response for fresh leaf weight belong to control treatment (10.83 g). Sawdust treatment had also significant influence on fresh yield, dry yield, total fresh yield, and total dry yield of both studied varieties compare to control or other treatments. The outcomes indicated that using sawdust as an organic carbon resources can enhance growth and yield characters when planting sorghum as forage crops.

References

Afzal, M., Ahmad, A. and Ahmad, A.H., 2012. Effect of nitrogen on growth and yield of sorghum forage (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench cv.) under three cuttings system. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova, 45(4), pp.57-64.

Blumenthal, D.M., Jordan, N.R. and Russelle, M.P., 2003. Soil carbon addition controls weeds and facilitates prairie restoration. Ecological applications, 13(3), pp.605-615.

Chan, K.Y., Van Zwieten, L., Meszaros, I., Downie, A. and Joseph, S., 2007. Agronomic values of green waste biochar as a soil amendment. Soil Research, 45(8), pp.629-634.

Cooper, A.J., 1973. Root temperatures and plant growth. Res. Rev. 4, Commonwealth Bureau of Horticulture and Plantation Crops.

Cothren, J.T., Matocha, J.E. and Clark, L.E., 2000. Integrated crop management for sorghum. Sorghum: Origin, history, technology, and production, pp.409-441.

Dalenberg, J.W. and Jager, G., 1981. Priming effect of small glucose additions to 14C-labelled soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 13(3), pp.219-223.

Eschen, R., Müller‐Schärer, H.E.I.N.Z. and Schaffner, U., 2006. Soil carbon addition affects plant growth in a species‐specific way. Journal of Applied Ecology, 43(1), pp.35-42.

Faithful, I.G., Hocking, C. and McLaren, D.A., 2010, September. Chilean needle grass (Nassella neesiana) in the native grasslands of south-eastern Australia: biodiversity effects, invasion drivers and impact mechanisms. In Papers and Proceedings 17th Australasian Weeds Conference (pp. 431-434).

Ghani, A., Saeed, M., Hussain, D., Arshad, M., Shafique, M.M. and Shah, S.A.S., 2015. Evaluation of different sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. moench) varieties for grain yield and related characteristics. Science. Letters, 3, pp.72-74.

Glaser, B., Lehmann, J. and Zech, W., 2002. Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal–a review. Biology and fertility of soils, 35(4), pp.219-230.

Habyarimana, E., Laureti, D., De Ninno, M. and Lorenzoni, C., 2004. Performances of biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] under different water regimes in Mediterranean region. Industrial Crops and Products, 20(1), pp.23-28.

Huang, R.D., 2018. Research progress on plant tolerance to soil salinity and alkalinity in sorghum. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(4), pp.739-746.

Ismail, O.M. and Kardoush, M., 2011. The impact of some nutrients substances on germination and growth seedling of Pistacia vera L. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(5), pp.115-120.

Karthika, N. and Kalpana, R., 2017. HCN content and forage yield of multi-cut forage sorghum under different organic manures and nitrogen levels. Chemical Science Review and Letter. 6(23), pp.1659-1663.

Kim, E.J., Oh, J.E. and Chang, Y.S., 2003. Effects of forest fire on the level and distribution of PCDD/Fs and PAHs in soil. Science of the Total Environment, 311(1-3), pp.177-189.

Lehmann, J., Pereira da Silva, J., Steiner, C., Nehls, T., Zech, W. and Glaser, B., 2003. Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological Anthrosol and a Ferralsol of the Central Amazon basin: fertilizer, manure and charcoal amendments. Plant and soil, 249(2), pp.343-357.

Magill, A.H. and Aber, J.D., 2000. Variation in soil net mineralization rates with dissolved organic carbon additions. Soil biology and biochemistry, 32(5), pp.597-601.

Mahmood, A.H., Florentine, S., Graz, F.P., Turville, C., Palmer, G., Sillitoe, J. and McLaren, D., 2018. Comparison of techniques to control the aggressive environmental invasive species Galenia pubescens in a degraded grassland reserve, Victoria, Australia. Plos one, 13(11), p.e0203653.

McLaren, D.A., Fridman, M. and Bonilla, J., 2012. Effects of pine oil, sugar and covers on germination of serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma) and kangaroo grass (Themeda triandra) in a Pot Trial. Perspectives, 114, pp.1803-1806.

Minitab, I. (2014). MINITAB release 19: statistical software for windows. Minitab Inc, USA.

Ni, X., Song, W., Zhang, H., Yang, X. and Wang, L., 2016. Effects of mulching on soil properties and growth of tea olive (Osmanthus fragrans). Plos one, 11(8), p.e0158228.

Nottingham, A.T., Griffiths, H., Chamberlain, P.M., Stott, A.W. and Tanner, E.V., 2009. Soil priming by sugar and leaf-litter substrates: a link to microbial groups. Applied soil ecology, 42(3), pp.183-190.

Prober, S.M., Lunt, I.D. and Morgan, J.W., 2009. Rapid internal plant-soil feedbacks lead to alternative stable states in temperate Australian grassy woodlands. New models for ecosystem dynamics and restoration, pp.156-168.

Prober, S.M., Thiele, K.R., Lunt, I.D. and Koen, T.B., 2005. Restoring ecological function in temperate grassy woodlands: manipulating soil nutrients, exotic annuals and native perennial grasses through carbon supplements and spring burns. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42(6), pp.1073-1085.

Rathinasabapathi, B., Ferguson, J. and Gal, M., 2005. Evaluation of allelopathic potential of wood chips for weed suppression in horticultural production systems. HortScience, 40(3), pp.711-713.

Salih, R.F., Osman, G.A. and Aziz, L.H., 2019. Growth and yield response of flax (linum usitatissimum l.) to different rates of charcoal and potassium fertilizer in erbil, kurdistan region-iraq. Journal of Duhok University, 22(2), pp.71-80.

Shakir, S.B., 2019. Investigating factors affecting restoration of native grassland in ex-cropland (Doctoral dissertation, Federation University Australia).

Singh, P. and Sumeriya, H.K., 2012. Effect of nitrogen on yield, economics and quality of fodder sorghum genotypes. Annals of plant and soil Research, 14(2), pp.133-5.

Steiner, C., Teixeira, W.G., Lehmann, J., Nehls, T., de Macêdo, J.L.V., Blum, W.E. and Zech, W., 2007. Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant and soil, 291(1), pp.275-290.