Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Salahaddin University - Erbil en-US Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 2218-0230 Evaluation of a Novel PLGA-HA-Based Drug Delivery System Targeting the cell cycle and PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in HCT116 Colorectal Carcinoma Cells with Differing P53 Statuses https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2675 <p>Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is a very important health problem all over the world, and the P53 gene plays an important role in tumor development and in treatment response. The strategy of developing novel DDS that could target specific tumor pathways is one of the most promising approaches to improve therapeutic efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of a newly synthesized PLGA-HA-based DDS encapsulating the mTOR inhibitor Dactolisib on HCT116 CRC cells with differing P53 statuses; P53 positive and P53 negative. The previously synthesized and characterized DDS was tested on HCT-116 P53 positive and negative cell lines. Assessments included: cell cycle distribution analysis by flow cytometry; gene expression profiling of key components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by using qPCR, and proteomic via Western blotting. DDS induced a differential effect on the cell cycle progress, which arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase in a statistically significant way in P53 positive cells, while in P53 negative cells, it resulted in an increase in the S phase. The gene expression analysis revealed downregulation of PIK3CA, AKT1, and MTOR in both cell lines; however, the inhibition seemed more potent in P53-positive cells. The proteomic analysis confirmed reduced p-AKT and p-mTOR with increased levels of P53 protein in P53-positive cells. The new PLGA-HA-based DDS exhibits promising anti-cancer activity against CRC cells, which have different influences related to P53 status. These observations suggest an application for personalized cancer therapy, particularly in the case of tumors with functional P53.</p> <p> </p> Dlshad H. Hassan Goran Othman Esmaeil Babaei Copyright (c) 2024 Dlshad H. Hassan, Goran Othman, Esmaeil Babaei https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 1 10 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.1 In vitro characterization of some of the anti-cancer effects of Borage officinalis flower extracts on human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line, (AGS), cell line https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2425 <p>Worldwide, gastric cancer is considered to be a major health issue, which is common in eastern Asia, with high death rates recorded, that calls for immediate attention and investigation. This article is exploring the effects of methanol and acetone extracts of borage, <em>Borage officinals,</em> flowers with a range of concentrations (10, 50, 100, 250, and 500 μg/ml) on the human gastric cancer, AGS cell line. Fifteen gm of flower powder was suspended separately in 300ml of 50% acetone and placed on shaker in dark for 24 hours at room temperature. The results showed that in a dose dependent manner, methanol extract exhibit anti-proliferative effects whereas acetone extract revealed an inhibitory effect only at a higher dose 500 μg/ml. The clonogenicity of AGS cells was revealed to be significantly (p˂0.001) diminished where production of holoclone was reduced where cells treated with both extracts as compared to control group. AGS cells apoptosis levels were induced by both extracts when compared to control group. RT-PCR results depicted significant (p˂0.001) upregulation of both <em>p21</em> and <em>EGR1</em> when cells treated with both methanol and acetone extracts respectively, while both of <em>NDRG1</em> and <em>PTEN</em> genes were upregulated when acetone extract was used, it’s worth mentioning, that these genes, <em>p21</em>, <em>PTEN</em>, and <em>NDRG1</em> are considered to be tumor suppressors. In conclusion, borage, <em>Borage officinals</em>, extracts had anti-cancer and cytotoxic effects on AGS cell line and apoptosis was induced. Thus, this plant might be suggested as a future candidate for cancer treatment therapy.</p> Trefa Salih Mohamad Copyright (c) 2024 Trefa Salih Mohamad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 11 21 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.2 Stomata and Pollen Grains Studies of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Iraq https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2339 <p>The <em>Gossypium hirsutum</em> genotypes were have been different types of stomata as anisocytic, paracytic, hemi-paracytic and tetracytic with presence in both surfaces, and found conjugated stomata. The stomata generally composed of two guard cells with ordinary epidermal cells, while some genotypes composed of one guard cell. The pollen grains were colporated, prolate, sub-prolate, and prolate-spheroidal in shaped with echinus orientation sculpture.</p> Chnar Najmaddin Fathulla Bahar Jalal Mahmood Copyright (c) 2024 Chnar Najmaddin Fathullaio, Bahar Jalal Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 22 27 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.3 Epidemiology of S. aureus Non-Susceptible to Vancomycin in Western Asia https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/1890 <p><em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>is considered among the most severe hazardous bacteria, especially, after the emergence of methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus,</em> that associated with significant levels of pathogenicity along with mortality. Vancomycin is the treatment of choice for methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> infections worldwide. Unfortunately, Vancomycin non-susceptible <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> strains have also emerged, making controlling <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> infections an international health challenge. The availability of accurate epidemiological information from all over the world aids in developing the best surveillance and control programs, limiting the spread and evolution of infections. In this paper, we review the mechanism of vancomycin non-susceptibility among <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and focus on the emergence, epidemiological characteristics, and the latest progress in Western Asia. </p> Zean Zefenkey Salah Mahdi Al-Bader Hama Tellawi Copyright (c) 2024 Zean Zefenkey, Salah Mahdi Al-Bader, Hama Tellawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 28 41 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.4 Molecular identification and antimicrobial activity of Streptomyces spp. isolated from soil in Garmian Region, Iraq https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2295 <p>Multidrug-resistant pathogens present a significant obstacle in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, making the discovery of new antimicrobial agents from diverse sources essential. Actinobacteria, especially <em>Streptomyces</em> genus, are well-known for their prolific production of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial capabilities. The geographical niches of Iraq are one of the least explored ones for Actinobacteria strains. Hence, this study aimed to isolate Actinobacteria species from the soil in the Garmian region of Iraq and evaluate their potential antimicrobial activity</p> <p> A total of forty soil samples were collected and screened using various standard culture media to facilitate isolation, morphological identification, and evaluation of antimicrobial activity. Molecular identification and species confirmation were performed through amplification of the 16S rRNA gene via PCR, followed by sequence comparison with the NCBI database. The obtained two distinct strains of <em>Streptomyces</em> were identified, with one demonstrating significant antimicrobial activity against several pathogens, namely, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC 25922, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> ATCC 25923, and <em>Candida albicans </em>ATCC 10231.</p> <p>Both isolated strains were registered in NCBI under accession numbers OR564031 and OR564032, corresponding to isolates 26 and 29, respectively. Their sequences exhibited high similarity to <em>Streptomyces rochei</em> strain SCOS (Accession No. KX575853.1) with 99.04% identity, and <em>Streptomyces</em> sp. WAC06273 strain (Accession No. CP042278.1) with 98.81% respectively. These <em>Streptomyces</em> strains from Iraqi soils show promise as potential candidates for novel antibiotic discovery.</p> <p>Further exploration of <em>Streptomyces</em> in soils from Garmian region, along with identification and purification of the active metabolites identified in this study, is strongly recommended.</p> Saman Mohammed-Amin Sirwan M. Amin Al-Jaf Copyright (c) 2024 Saman Mohammed-Amin, Sirwan M. Amin Al-Jaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 42 49 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.5 Three-dimensional Modeling of the Interaction of a Bubble pair with a Rigid Wall using Boundary Integral Method https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2586 <p>This study examines the three-dimensional dynamics of two gas bubbles near a horizontal rigid wall, focusing on how inter-bubble distance affects their shape, size, and jet formation. The Boundary Integral Method (BIM) with a novel local smoothing technique is employed. Critical parameters including jet velocity, bubble centroid movement, bubble radius, and collapse time are computed for each bubble to understand their interaction dynamics comprehensively. The velocity vector field and pressure distribution surrounding the bubbles are analyzed, providing detailed insights into the fluid dynamics. The findings demonstrate that inter-bubble distance significantly influences their interaction and overall behavior. These results advance the understanding of bubble dynamics near rigid boundaries, with potential applications across various scientific and engineering disciplines.</p> <p> </p> Imad A. Aziz Copyright (c) 2024 Imad A. Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 50 60 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.6 Sex preselection of sheep using mineral solution injection via subcutaneous https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2341 <p>The injection on Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) solution is regarded as a method that have been conducted for sex preselection in sheep. Therefore, this trail was aimed to examine the effect of macro minerals such CaMg subcutaneous injected to Kurdish breed ewes during pre and post mating on lamb sex ratio skewing toward female. Thirty ewes at cycling multiparous period (based on their age and live weight (LW)) were randomly divided into two groups (15 ewes per group). Weekly (for four weeks) from four weeks’ days pre- to one week post-mating, each ewe (CaMg group) were subcutaneous injected by 30 ml of CaMg solution or sterile water (control group). Ewes live weigh at the end of the study were numerically higher (2.55 kg) in ewes injected with CaMg compared to control group. The serum ca and Mg were higher (P&lt;0.05) in ewes administrated with CaMg solution than those not administrated. The level of total protein, urea, glucose, and cholesterol at blood serum were not affected (P&gt;0.05) by CaMg injection. Reproductive hormone such estrogen was not different between control and injected ewes (P&gt;0.05). Although, progesterone (at CIDR removal period) were increased (P&lt;0.05) in injected ewes than control ewes. The new female born lambs were 2 times higher (P&lt;0.05) in CaMg group compared to control group. The results of current study confirm that increasing the mineral proportion (Ca and Mg) in the ewes around mating via subcutaneous injection could skew sex ratio toward female in sheep. Thus, the findings of this trial might assist farmers in managing their breeding toward female lambs (which are going to be born in fattening enterprises and male milk production). More research is required to test different methods of altering mineral concentration and investigate the link between minerals in the diet and human sex pre-selection.</p> Edres Abdulla Hamadamen Abdulqader Ahmed Hussein Copyright (c) 2024 Edres Abdulla Hamadamen, Abdulqader Ahmed Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 61 68 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.7 Efficacy of five plant extracts against Black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae) https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2357 <p>The efficacy of five selected plant extracts: Basil (<em>Ocimum basilicum)</em>, Cloves (<em>Syzygium aromaticum</em>), Tarragon (<em>Artemisia dracunculus</em>), Mint (<em>Mentha</em> sp.), and Dill (<em>Anethum graveolens</em>) against <em>Aphis fabae </em>on both nymph and adult stages was evaluated under laboratory conditions. Four concentrations were used 10000, 20000, 50000, and 100000 ppm. The results showed that the maximum mortality percentage of the nymph stage of <em>A. fabae</em> was achieved by basil, tarragon, and clove aqueous extracts at concentrations of 10000 ppm after 72 hours of treatment. Conversely, basil, clove, and tarragon extracts recorded the highest mortality rate of adults under the same experimental conditions. The positive control (Acetamiprid 20%) produced the highest mortality rate after 72 hours of exposure while using distilled water as the negative control resulted in a minimal mortality rate. The LC<sub>50</sub> values indicate that basil extract exhibited the highest toxicity for nymphs at 1664.177 ppm after 72 hours, while for adults, tarragon extract was the most toxic at 720.553 ppm at 72 hours.</p> Gona Sirwan Sharif Copyright (c) 2024 Gona Sirwan Sharif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 69 76 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.8 Bio-fortification of Agronomic Attributes and Biochemical Molecules in Black Night Shade as Influenced by Two Forms of Guinea Grass Biochar https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2281 <p>This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of Department of Botany, Lagos State University, Ojo, campus, South West, Nigeria in 2024. This study evaluated effects of guinea grass biochar (liquid and solid) on growth and nutritional profile in Black Night Shade (BNS). BNS seeds treated with 150% liquid biochar (LB) emerged 4days earlier, produced highest number of seedlings (8.44) and germination (84.38%) as well as plumule length (4.65 cm) in the seeds treated with 120% LB. Contribution (153.63%) and yield (27.41%) were substantially higher in the seeds treated with 150% LB. Plant height (42.33 cm) of the vegetable treated with 15g solid biochar (SB) as well as number of leaves (24.67) in the vegetable treated with 15g/L LB showed significant increase. In addition, Leaf area (51.91 cm²), Specific leaf area (167.81(m<sup>2</sup> kg<sup>⁻</sup><sup>1</sup>), leaf area index (0.13 m²/m<sup>2</sup>), and leaf area ratio (0.25(m<sup>2 </sup>kg<sup>‑1</sup>) were improved in BNS treated with15g/L LB .Relative growth rate (0.24(mgg<sup>‑1</sup> day<sup>‑1</sup>) and net assimilation rate (0.08 (gm<sup>‑2</sup> day<sup>‑1</sup>) showed similar significant increase in the vegetable treated with 15g SB. Dry matter fat, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate were improved by15 g SB as well as most of the vitamins and minerals. In conclusion, 150% LB enhanced seedling emergence while 15g SB improved morphological traits and nutritional profile of BNS, therefore incorporation of the biochar at 15 g SB and 150% LB are suggested for production of BNS.</p> Anthony Wale Ojewumi Samuel Ayodotun Ayoola Musa Hussaini Abdullahi Zubedat Badru Adeola Sunday Makinde Olubunmi Copyright (c) 2024 Anthony Wale Ojewumi, Samuel Ayodotun Ayoola, Musa Hussaini Abdullahi, Zubedat Badru Adeola, Sunday Makinde Olubunmi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 77 86 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.9 Effect of Organic Fertilizer on Growth and Physiology of Brachychiton populneus (Schott& Endl) Seedlings under Drought Conditions https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2448 <p>Drought stress negatively impacts plant growth and agricultural productivity. This study investigates whether organic fertilizer can mitigate these effects by improving the growth and physiological responses of <em>Brachychiton populneus</em> seedlings under drought conditions. Thus, local compost added to <em>Brachychiton populneus</em> (Schott &amp; Endl) to determine whether it could aid the growth of the seedlings during drought conditions. Two drought stress levels (D1 and D2), or 60% and 30% of the soil water holding capacities (SWHC%), were applied to the seedlings compared to the control (C0). There were two additions of local compost (C1 and C2), 2000 and 4000 ppm, respectively, in comparison to the control treatments. D1C2 (soil water holding capacity of 60% and 4000 ppm compost) was the usual treatment combination. Which resulted in the longest shoot and root lengths. By registering the maximum dry matter content in the roots and shoots, the same combination also greatly increased the biomass of the seedlings. A general decline in the relative water content appears when biomass increases. The consequences of drought stress are lessened by the addition of compost, which also improves chlorophyll production and overall plant growth. Growth and physiological parameter correlations are shown by the component plot in rotated space. The highest variance is explained by component 1, and the second largest by component 2. A positive association was seen between root length, shoot height, and total dry weight, as they clustered together. Conversely, there is a negative association observed between the components of relative water content and shoot dry weight. However, component 2 and the leaf chlorophyll content (a, b, and total) showed a significant correlation. Compost provides a sustainable solution for improving drought resilience in <em>Brachychiton populneus</em>, making them crucial for forest nurseries and reforestation efforts in arid and semi-arid regions.</p> Shaymaa Hani Mahmood Sirwa Anwar Qadir Evan Anaeat Mohammed Chnar Najmaddin Fathulla Aven Alaalddin Ahmed Copyright (c) 2024 Shaymaa Hani Mahmood, Sirwa Anwar Qadir, Evan Anaeat Mohammed, Chnar Najmaddin Fathulla, Aven Alaalddin Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 87 95 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.10 Role of glycerides of organic acids on broiler recovery challenged with the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolated from broiler chicken fields https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2275 <p>Newcastle disease virus is a highly contagious viral disease in poultry fields. Besides biosecurity and vaccinations, continuous outbreaks occur due to mutations in genomic sequence, resulting in new vaccine strains. This research hypothesized that using a mixture of short- and medium-chain fatty acids may protect the broiler chickens from this disease and improve the broiler performance. A sample from the NDV-like outbreak was collected from broiler chickens having high mortality and several lesion symptoms in the tracheae, lung, and gastrointestinal tract. Two hundred four broiler chicks were randomly divided into four treatments, including three replicates each. T1 negative control with no additives; T2 control in which the chicks received 2 ml/L of glycerides of organic acids; T3 2 ml/L of glycerides of organic acids + infected with NDV isolate; T4 infected with the NDV isolate. The results showed that the sample was NDV positive by Reverse Transcriptase Real-Time PCR. All the studied performance parameters were significantly improved in the group that had glycerides of organic acids with no infection. However, these compounds could not protect and minimize the mortality of chickens infected with a Newcastle disease virus field isolate. This study concludes that this mixture improves broiler performance in normal conditions.</p> Merkhan M. Mustafa Renas H. Isa Saifaddin A.A. Zangana Warzan H. Hassan Copyright (c) 2024 Merkhan M. Mustafa, Renas H. Isa, Saifaddin A.A. Zangana, Warzan H. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 96 103 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.11 Effect of biofertilizers in improving production of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), and tolerating drought stress https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2645 <p>Chili peppers (<em>Capsicum annuum</em> L.) are one of the most widely planted vegetables all over the world since it has several health advantages and add a delicious flavor to a range of recipes. Drought stress is accounted as the most abiotic environmental condition that can negatively impact the quality and production of many crops. In this context, a factorial randomized design study was conducted in open field pots to determine how irrigation deficit affects the plant's agronomic and physiological characteristics. <em>Capsicum</em> spp. was subjected to three drought stress conditions (once every day, once every two days, and once every three days representing light or low, moderate, and severe drought stress). At the same time, biostimulants Alga600, moringa leaf extract (MLE), and homemade fertilizer (H-made) were foliar sprayed to determine whether they might minimize abiotic stress or increase plant susceptibility to drought. The results demonstrate that severe drought stress resulted in a considerable drop in fruit quality and production, followed by moderate and light drought. Whereas, minimum chlorophyll and carotenoids are influenced by deficient irrigation. On the other hand, biostimulants could mitigate the detrimental impact of drought stress on yield, chlorophyll concentration, and other physical characteristics such as leaf area. Among the biostimulants, Alga600 had the greatest impact on increasing chili pepper stress tolerance, followed by 6% MLE and H-made biostimulants when compared to their controls (plants treated with deionized water only). However, the combination of biostimulants with drought stress was more obvious in drought roses. The interaction was less influenced by the drought, which intensified the physical and economic aspects. While some biostimulants, such as MLE and Alga600, may have a greater impact on plant production and pigment content as drought stress increases. The correlation coefficient also indicates that the measured parameters had both positive and negative correlations to each other. Physical parameters like leaf area, number of fruits, fruit diameter, and length have a significant positive correlation to the total yield while chlorophyll content can have a positive and negative correlation to the physical parameters.</p> Arshad Abdulkhalq Yaseen Sherwan Jalil Ahmed Triska Dlshad Bakr Copyright (c) 2024 Arshad Abdulkhalq Yaseen, Sherwan Jalil Ahmed, Triska Dlshad Bakr https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 104 117 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.12 Optimized Resource Allocation in Vehicular Fog Computing Environments Using Hybrid MOSP Algorithm https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2523 <p>Due to the appearance of new concepts such as fog computing and rapid progress toward the Internet of Vehicles (IOV), cloud computing becomes faced with the problem of resource allocation. Fog computing offers a solution by providing and offering computing storage and networking facilities near to the end-users and the connected devices. This work mainly focuses on the resource management for parked vehicles in via vehicular fog computing so as to improve resource utilization, QoS, delay, and energy consumption. The algorithm that is called MOSP and implemented the Multi-objective Grey Wolf Optimizer (MOGWO) solves the problem of allocating the resources for the parked and slow-moving vehicles taking into consideration the limitations concerning computation, storage, and mobility of the fog nodes. For the purpose of comparison, the performance of the proposed MOSP algorithm is compared with other approaches available in the literature. The evaluation of the performance has revealed the successful achievement of less energy consumption and considerable elimination of delays, which are critical issues in vehicular fog computing environments. This paper offers an original approach to resource management in V2V fog computing for parked cars through the employment of MOSP algorithm that enhances resource efficiency while enhancing QoS, delay, and energy consumption.</p> Nahro Kamal Saeed Khalid A. Asaad Arkan A. Saffer Copyright (c) 2024 Nahro Kamal Saeed, Khalid A. Asaad, Arkan A. Saffer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 118 131 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.13 Contextual Deep Semantic Feature Driven Multi-Types Network Intrusion Detection System for IoT-Edge Networks https://zancojournal.su.edu.krd/index.php/JPAS/article/view/2174 <p>Recent years have witnessed an exponential rise in wireless networks and allied interoperable distributed computing frameworks, where the different sensory units transfer real-world event data to the network analyzer for run-time decisions. There exists an array of applications employing edge- internet of things (Edge-IoT) where the edge nodes collect local data to perform real-time decisions. However, the at-hand edge-IoT systems being decentralized, infrastructure-less, and dynamic remain vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks, intrusion, denial of service attacks, etc. Though in the past, numerous efforts were made towards intrusion detection in IoT networks, the major approaches focused merely on standalone intrusion detection, and therefore their scalability towards multiple attack detection remains unaddressed. On the contrary, applying a unit intrusion detection system for each type of attack can impose resource exhaustion and delay. Recently authors have used deep learning methods like convolutional neural network (CNN), and long- and short-term memory (LSTM) to perform learning-based intrusion detection. However, being reliant on merely local features its reliability remains suspicious. Such methods ignore long-term dependency problems that limit their efficacy in intrusion detection in temporal Edge-IoT network traffic. With this motivation, in this paper, a contextual deep semantic feature-driven multi-type intrusion detection model (CDS-MNIDS) is proposed for Edge-IoT networks. The proposed CDS-MNIDS model at first performs network traffic segmentation from the temporal network traces obtained from the network gateway. Subsequently, the node’s dynamic features including the node’s address, packet size, transmission behavior, etc., are processed for Word2Vec encoding, followed by a cascaded deep network-based learning and prediction. The CDS-MNIDS model embodied a cascaded deep network encompassing LSTM and bidirectional LSTM networks, where the first extracted local features. At the same time, the latter obtained contextual features from the input local feature vector. The extracted local and contextual features were projected to the global average pooling layer followed by the fully connected layer that in conjunction with the Softmax layer performed multi-class classification.</p> Shaho Hassen Ahmed Abdlrazaq Copyright (c) 2024 Shaho Ismael Hassen, Ahmed Abdlrazaq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 2024-12-31 2024-12-31 36 6 132 147 10.21271/ZJPAS.36.6.14