The Use of Probiotics in Poultry Nutrition: A Literature Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.37.3.3Keywords:
Feed additives, Probiotics, Broiler growth, Bacteria, AntibioticsAbstract
Animal production is inextricably linked to human nutrition and health. Animal intestinal illnesses like Campylobacter, Salmonella, Listeria and Yersinia can directly lead to food contamination. As a result, innovative approaches to animal breeding are being used with the goal of producing meat that is safer and of higher quality while also taking environmental preservation and animal welfare into consideration. All together, these developments have sped up research for substitute feed additives that can achieve some of the advantageous effects of antibiotics. Alternative materials for antibiotics studied, commercially marketed and developed for use in practical utilization. The bacteria that make up the gastrointestinal microbiota vary from those that are believed to be advantageous to the host to those that could be detrimental. Feeds containing probiotics provide a ray of hope for that area of the feed industry. The information currently available regarding the effects of probiotics on animal health is required; they conclusively demonstrate how probiotics function to lower bacterial gastrointestinal pathogen populations. Worldwide interest for probiotics is rising due to customers seeking safe therapeutic and preventive health benefits as well as the introduction of promising new products to the market. Increased health consciousness among the general public and the availability of probiotics as dietary supplements are the primary drivers of the global probiotic market's expansion. The aim of this article is to discuss how probiotics and alternative chicken production techniques might enhance food safety and poultry health by reducing pathogenic organisms and increasing the yield and quality of eggs and meat.
References
Aagaard, K., Petrosino, J., Keitel, W., Watson, M., Katancik, J., Garcia, N., and Versalovic, J. 2013. The Human Microbiome Project strategy for comprehensive sampling of the human microbiome and why it matters. The FASEB Journal, 27(3), 1012.
Abbas, B. A., Bander, L. K., and Jasim, A. A. 2024a. Effect of feed forms, mash and pellets on productive performance and carcass weights of broiler chicken. Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 16(3), 105-118.
Abbas, B. A., Jasim, A. A., and Bander, L. K. 2024b. Comparing Different laboratory Methods for Measuring the Feed Pellet Durability. Kufa Journal for Agricultural Sciences, 16(3), 50-60.
Abbas, B. A., Jasim, A. A., and Bander, L. K. 2023a. Effect of speed and die holes diameter in the machine on feed pellets quality. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1252(1), 1-7.
Abbas, B. A., Jasim, A. A., and Bander, L. K. 2023b. Manufacturing and Testing a Double Action Feed Pellet Durability Measuring Device. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1259(1), 1-9.
Abd El‐Hack, M. E., Mahgoub, S. A., Alagawany, M., and Ashour, E. A. 2017. Improving productive performance and mitigating harmful emissions from laying hen excreta via feeding on graded levels of corn DDGS with or without Bacillus subtilis probiotic. Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition, 101(5), 904-913.
Abd El‐Hack, M. E., El‐Saadony, M. T., Shafi, M. E., Qattan, S. Y., Batiha, G. E., Khafaga, A. F., and Alagawany, M. 2020. Probiotics in poultry feed: A comprehensive review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 104(6), 1835-1850.
Abd El-Hack, M. E., El-Saadony, M. T., Salem, H. M., El-Tahan, A. M., Soliman, M. M., Youssef, G. B., and Swelum, A. A. 2022. Alternatives to antibiotics for organic poultry production: types, modes of action and impacts on bird's health and production. Poultry Science, 101(4), 101696.
Abdel-Moneim, A. M. E., Shehata, A. M., Khidr, R. E., Paswan, V. K., Ibrahim, N. S., El-Ghoul, A. A., and Ebeid, T. A. 2021. Nutritional manipulation to combat heat stress in poultry-A comprehensive review. Journal of Thermal Biology, 98, 102915.
Abdulalwahhab, B. N., Al-Tememy, A. T. D., and Abbas, B. A. 2020. Study of the Location of Birds inside the Breeding Hall of Broilers Rose 308 and Its Effect on Environmental Conditions Using a Documented Data System. Plant Archives, 20 (1), 1013-1020.
Adebola, O. O., Corcoran, O., and Morgan, W. A. 2014. Synbiotics: the impact of potential prebiotics inulin, lactulose and lactobionic acid on the survival and growth of lactobacilli probiotics. Journal of Functional Foods, 10, 75-84.
Ahmad, R., Yu, Y. H., Hsiao, F. S. H., Su, C. H., Liu, H. C., Tobin, I., and Cheng, Y. H. 2022. Influence of heat stress on poultry growth performance, intestinal inflammation, and immune function and potential mitigation by probiotics. Animals, 12(17), 1-17.
Alagawany, M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Arif, M., and Ashour, E. A. 2016. Individual and combined effects of crude protein, methionine, and probiotic levels on laying hen productive performance and nitrogen pollution in the manure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 22906-22913.
Alagawany, M., Abd El-Hack, M. E., Farag, M. R., Sachan, S., Karthik, K., and Dhama, K. 2018. The use of probiotics as eco-friendly alternatives for antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 10611-10618.
Alshelmani, M. I., Salem, N. A., Salim, A. A., and Sakal, I. D. 2020. Effect of dietary vitamin C and corn oil supplementation on broiler performance under heat stress. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9 (4), 225-30.
Aminlari, L., Shekarforoush, S. S., Hosseinzadeh, S., Nazifi, S., Sajedianfard, J., and Eskandari, M. H. 2019. Effect of probiotics Bacillus coagulans and Lactobacillus plantarum on lipid profile and feces bacteria of rats fed cholesterol-enriched diet. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 11, 1163-1171.
Apajalahti, J. H., Kettunen, H., Kettunen, A., Holben, W. E., Nurminen, P. H., Rautonen, N., and Mutanen, M. 2002. Culture-independent microbial community analysis reveals that inulin in the diet primarily affects previously unknown bacteria in the mouse cecum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(10), 4986-4995.
Awad, W. A., Böhm, J., Razzazi-Fazeli, E., Ghareeb, K., and Zentek, J. 2006. Effect of addition of a probiotic microorganism to broiler diets contaminated with deoxynivalenol on performance and histological alterations of intestinal villi of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 85(6), 974-979.
Basturk, A., Artan, R., and Yilmaz, A. 2016. Efficacy of synbiotic, probiotic, and prebiotic treatments for irritable bowel syndrome in children: a randomized controlled trial. Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(5), 439-443.
Bienenstock, J., Kunze, W., and Forsythe, P. 2015. Microbiota and the gut-brain axis. Nutrition Reviews, 73(suppl. 1), 28-31.
Butel, M. J. 2014. Probiotics, gut microbiota and health. Médecine et maladies infectieuses, 44(1), 1-8.
Butzler, J. P. 2004. Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 10(10), 868-876.
Chen, G., Liu, P., Pattar, G. R., Tackett, L., Bhonagiri, P., Strawbridge, A. B., and Elmendorf, J. S. 2006. Chromium activates glucose transporter 4 trafficking and enhances insulin-stimulated glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via a cholesterol-dependent mechanism. Molecular Endocrinology, 20(4), 857-870.
Chen, X. L., Zeng, Y. B., Liu, L. X., Song, Q. L., Zou, Z. H., Wei, Q. P., and Song, W. J. 2021. Effects of dietary chromium propionate on laying performance, egg quality, serum biochemical parameters and antioxidant status of laying ducks under heat stress. Animal, 15(2), 1-6.
Choct, M., Hughes, R. J., Wang, J., Bedford, M. R., Morgan, A. J., and Annison, G. 1996. Increased small intestinal fermentation is partly responsible for the anti‐nutritive activity of non‐starch polysaccharides in chickens. British Poultry Science, 37(3), 609-621.
Cowen, B. S., Schwartz, L. D., Wilson, R. A., and Ambrus, S. I. 1987. Experimentally induced necrotic enteritis in chickens. Avian Diseases, 904-906.
Darsi, E., and Zhaghari, M. 2021. Effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 supplementation on productive performance, egg quality and hatchability in broiler breeder hens under commercial farm condition. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 49(1), 109-117.
Deng, W., Dittoe, D. K., Pavilidis, H. O., Chaney, W. E., Yang, Y., and Ricke, S. C. 2020. Current perspectives and potential of probiotics to limit foodborne Campylobacter in poultry. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 1-20.
Diaz-Sanchez, S., Moscoso, S., Solis de los Santos, F., Andino, A., and Hanning, I. 2015. Antibiotic use in poultry: a driving force for organic poultry production. Food Protection Trends, 35(6), 440-447.
Ding, S., Wang, Y., Yan, W., Li, A., Jiang, H., and Fang, J. 2019. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 15-1 and fructooligosaccharides on the response of broilers to pathogenic Escherichia coli O78 challenge. PLoS One, 14(6), 1-14.
Dittoe, D. K., Olson, E. G., and Ricke, S. C. 2022. Impact of the gastrointestinal microbiome and fermentation metabolites on broiler performance. Poultry Science, 101(5), 1-14.
El Jeni, R., Dittoe, D. K., Olson, E. G., Lourenco, J., Corcionivoschi, N., Ricke, S. C., and Callaway, T. R. 2021. Probiotics and potential applications for alternative poultry production systems. Poultry Science, 100(7), 101156.
Elitok, B., and Bingüler, N. 2018. Importance of stress factors in poultry. Juniper Online Journal of Case Studies, 7(5), 1-3.
Engberg, J., Aarestrup, F. M., Taylor, D. E., Gerner-Smidt, P., and Nachamkin, I. 2001. Quinolone and macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: resistance mechanisms and trends in human isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 7(1), 1-11.
Evans, G. W., and Bowman, T. D. 1992. Chromium picolinate increases membrane fluidity and rate of insulin internalization. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 46(4), 243-250.
Fan, R., Burghardt, J. P., Huang, J., Xiong, T., and Czermak, P. 2021. Purification of crude fructo-oligosaccharide preparations using probiotic bacteria for the selective fermentation of monosaccharide byproducts. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 1-9.
Forte, C., Acuti, G., Manuali, E., Proietti, P. C., Pavone, S., Trabalza-Marinucci, M., and Franciosini, M. P. 2016. Effects of two different probiotics on microflora, morphology, and morphometry of gut in organic laying hens. Poultry Science, 95(11), 2528-2535.
Frank, D. N., and Pace, N. R. 2008. Gastrointestinal microbiology enters the metagenomics era. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 24(1), 4-10.
Fuller, R. (1991). Probiotics in human medicine. Gut, 32(4), 439-442.
Gibson, G. R., and Fuller, R. 2000. Aspects of in vitro and in vivo research approaches directed toward identifying probiotics and prebiotics for human use. The Journal of Nutrition. 130, 391-395.
Gibson, G. R., and Wang, X. 1994. Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 77(4), 412-420.
Guo, X., Long, R., Kreuzer, M., Ding, L., Shang, Z., Zhang, Y., and Cui, G. 2014. Importance of functional ingredients in yak milk-derived food on health of Tibetan nomads living under high-altitude stress: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(3), 292-302.
Hamasalim, H. J. 2016. Synbiotic as feed additives relating to animal health and performance. Advances in Microbiology, 6(4), 288-302.
Hegarty, J. W., Guinane, C. M., Ross, R. P., Hill, C., and Cotter, P. D. 2016. Bacteriocin production: a relatively unharnessed probiotic trait? 1(5), 1-9.
Hoa, N. T., Baccigalupi, L., Huxham, A., Smertenko, A., Van, P. H., Ammendola, S., and Cutting, S. M. 2000. Characterization of Bacillus species used for oral bacteriotherapy and bacterioprophylaxis of gastrointestinal disorders. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66(12), 5241-5247.
Holzapfel, W. H., Haberer, P., Snel, J., Schillinger, U., and in't Veld, J. H. H. 1998. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 41(2), 85-101.
Hosoi, T., Ametani, A., Kiuchi, K., and Kaminogawa, S. 2000. Improved growth and viability of lactobacilli in the presence of Bacillus subtilis (natto), catalase, or subtilisin. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 46(10), 892-897.
Huys, G., Botteldoorn, N., Delvigne, F., De Vuyst, L., Heyndrickx, M., Pot, B., and Daube, G. (2013). Microbial characterization of probiotics–Advisory report of the W orking G roup “8651 Probiotics” of the B elgian S uperior H ealth C ouncil (SHC). Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 57(8), 1479-1504.
Jiraphocakul, S., Sullivan, T. W., and Shahani, K. M. 1990. Influence of a dried Bacillus subtilis culture and antibiotics on performance and intestinal microflora in turkeys. Poultry Science, 69(11), 1966-1973.
Kaakoush, N. O., Castaño-Rodríguez, N., Mitchell, H. M., and Man, S. M. 2015. Global epidemiology of Campylobacter infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 28(3), 687-720.
Kairalla, M. A., Alshelmani, M. I., and Aburas, A. A. 2022a. Effect of diet supplemented with graded levels of garlic (Allium sativum L.) powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood hematology, and biochemistry of broilers. Open Veterinary Journal, 12(5), 595-601.
Kairalla, M. A., Aburas, A. A., and Alshelmani, M. I. 2022b. Effect of diet supplemented with graded levels of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder on growth performance, hematological parameters, and serum lipids of broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6), 2089-2095.
Kairalla, M. A., Alshelmani, M. I., and Imdakim, M. M. 2023. Effect of diet supplemented with different levels of moringa powder on growth performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality, hematological parameters, serum lipids, and economic efficiency of broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 78(5), 1647-1656.
Kabir, S. M. L. 2009. The Dynamics of probiotics in enhancing poultry meat production and quality. Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary science, Bangladesh Agricultural University. International Journal of Poultry Science, 3, 361–364.
Kareem, K. Y. 2020. Effect of different levels of postbiotic on growth performance, intestinal microbiota count and volatile fatty acids on quail. Plant Archives, 20(2), 2885-2887.
Kariyawasam, K. M. G. M. M., Yang, S. J., Lee, N. K., and Paik, H. D. 2020. Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus brevis KU200019 and synergistic activity with fructooligosaccharides in antagonistic activity against foodborne pathogens. Food Science of Animal Resources, 40(2), 297-310.
Khaksefidi, A., and Rahimi, S. 2005. Effect of probiotic inclusion in the diet of broiler chickens on performance, feed efficiency and carcass quality. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 18(8), 1153-1156.
Kim, S. A., Jang, M. J., Kim, S. Y., Yang, Y., Pavlidis, H. O., and Ricke, S. C. 2019. Potential for prebiotics as feed additives to limit foodborne Campylobacter establishment in the poultry gastrointestinal tract. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1-12.
Klein, G., Pack, A., Bonaparte, C., and Reuter, G. 1998. Taxonomy and physiology of probiotic lactic acid bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 41(2), 103-125.
Koenen, M. E., Heres, L., Claassen, E., and Boersma, W. J. 2002. Lactobacilli as probiotics in chicken feeds. Bioscience and microflora, 21(4), 209-216.
Kumalo, I., Mlambo, V., and Mnisi, C. M. 2024. The Impact of Partially Replacing Dietary Maize with Graded Levels of Banana Peels on Nutrient Digestibility, Physiology, and Meat Quality Traits in Jumbo Quail. Poultry, 3(4), 437-451.
Lara, L. J., and Rostagno, M. H. 2013. Impact of heat stress on poultry production. Animals, 3(2), 356-369.
Li, X., Qiang, L., Liu, and Xu, C. 2008. Effects of supplementation of fructooligosaccharide and/or Bacillus subtilis to diets on performance and on intestinal microflora in broilers. Archives Animal Breeding, 51(1), 64-70.
Lien, T. F., Chen, S. Y., Shiau, S. P., Froman, D. P., and Hu, C. Y. 1996. Chromium picolinate reduces laying hen serum and egg yolk cholesterol. The Professional Animal Scientist, 12(2), 77-80.
Liu, Y. Y., Wang, Y., Walsh, T. R., Yi, L. X., Zhang, R., Spencer, J., and Shen, J. 2016. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 16(2), 161-168.
Liu, Y., Alookaran, J. J., and Rhoads, J. M. 2018. Probiotics in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. Nutrients, 10(10), 1537.
Lowder, S. K., Skoet, J., and Raney, T. 2016. The number, size, and distribution of farms, smallholder farms, and family farms worldwide. World Development, 87, 16-29.
Luoma, A., Markazi, A., Shanmugasundaram, R., Murugesan, G. R., Mohnl, M., and Selvaraj, R. 2017. Effect of synbiotic supplementation on layer production and cecal Salmonella load during a Salmonella challenge. Poultry Science, 96(12), 4208-4216.
Marder, E. P. 2018. Preliminary incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food-foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 US Sites, 2006–2017. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 67(11), 324-328.
Markowiak, P., and Śliżewska, K. (2018). The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition. Gut Pathogens, 10, 1-20.
Maruta, K., Miyazaki, H., Masuda, S., Takahashi, M., Marubashi, T., Tadano, Y., and Takahashi, H. 1996. Exclusion of intestinal pathogens by continuous feeding with Bacillus subtilis C-3102 and its influence on the intestinal microflora in broilers. Animal Science and Technology, 67(3), 273-280.
Mathivanan, R., and Kalaiarasi, K. 2007. Panchagavya and Andrographis paniculata as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters on haematological, serum biochemical parameters and immune status of broilers. The Journal of Poultry Science, 44(2), 198-204.
Mazzoli, R., and Pessione, E. 2016. The neuro-endocrinological role of microbial glutamate and GABA signaling. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 1-17.
McFarland, L. V. 2000. Normal flora: diversity and functions. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, 12(4), 193-207.
McFarland, L. V. 2014. Use of probiotics to correct dysbiosis of normal microbiota following disease or disruptive events: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 4(8), 1-18.
McFarland, L. V. 2015. From yaks to yogurt: the history, development, and current use of probiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60(suppl. 2), 85-90.
McFarland, L. V., and Elmer, G. W. 1995. Biotherapeutic agents: past, present and future. Microecology and Therapy, 46-73.
Mead, G. C. 1989. Microbes of the avian cecum: types present and substrates utilized. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 252(3), 48-54.
Mead, G. C. 1997. Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of birds. Gastrointestinal Microbiology, 2, 216-240.
Mikulski, D., Jankowski, J., Mikulska, M., and Demey, V. 2020. Effects of dietary probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici) supplementation on productive performance, egg quality, and body composition in laying hens fed diets varying in energy density. Poultry Science, 99(4), 2275-2285.
Mikulski, D., Jankowski, J., Naczmanski, J., Mikulska, M., and Demey, V. 2012. Effects of dietary probiotic (Pediococcus acidilactici) supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility, egg traits, egg yolk cholesterol, and fatty acid profile in laying hens. Poultry Science, 91(10), 2691-2700.
Mohammed, A. A., Jiang, S., Jacobs, J. A., and Cheng, H. W. 2019. Effect of a synbiotic supplement on cecal microbial ecology, antioxidant status, and immune response of broiler chickens reared under heat stress. Poultry Science, 98(10), 4408-4415.
Mughini-Gras, L., Smid, J. H., Wagenaar, J. A., De Boer, A., Havelaar, A. H., Friesema, I. H. M., and Van Pelt, W. 2014. Campylobacteriosis in returning travellers and potential secondary transmission of exotic strains. Epidemiology and Infection, 142(6), 1277-1288.
Nahashon, S. N., Nakaue, H. S., and Mirosh, L. W. 1994. Production variables and nutrient retention in Single Comb White Leghorn laying pullets fed diets supplemented with direct-fed microbials. Poultry Science, 73(11), 1699-1711.
Nakazawa,Y. and Hosono, A. 1992. Fermented milk in the orient In: Nakazawa,Y. and Hosono, A. (eds.) Functions of fermented milk: challenges for the health sciences. Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, pp. 61-78.
Obianwuna, U. E., Qiu, K., Wang, J., Zhang, H. J., Qi, G. H., Huang, L. L., and Wu, S. G. 2023. Effects of dietary Clostridium butyricum and fructooligosaccharides, alone or in combination, on performance, egg quality, amino acid digestibility, jejunal morphology, immune function, and antioxidant capacity of laying hens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1-14.
On, S. L. 2001. Taxonomy of Campylobacter, Arcobacter, Helicobacter and related bacteria: current status, future prospects and immediate concerns. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 90(6), 1-15.
Ozen, M., and Dinleyici, E. C. (2015). The history of probiotics: the untold story. Beneficial Microbes, 6(2), 159-165.
Pan, X., Cai, Y., Kong, L., Xiao, C., Zhu, Q., and Song, Z. 2022. Probiotic effects of Bacillus licheniformis DSM5749 on growth performance and intestinal microecological balance of laying hens. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 868093.
Patel, R., and DuPont, H. L. 2015. New approaches for bacteriotherapy: prebiotics, new-generation probiotics, and synbiotics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60(suppl. 2), 108-121.
Quigley, E. M. (2010). Prebiotics and probiotics; modifying and mining the microbiota. Pharmacological Research, 61(3), 213-218.
Rajput, I. R., Li, L. Y., Xin, X., Wu, B. B., Juan, Z. L., Cui, Z. W., and Li, W. F. 2013. Effect of Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 on intestinal ultrastructure modulation and mucosal immunity development mechanism in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 92(4), 956-965.
Rastall, R. A., Gibson, G. R., Gill, H. S., Guarner, F., Klaenhammer, T. R., Pot, B., and Sanders, M. E. 2005. Modulation of the microbial ecology of the human colon by probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to enhance human health: an overview of enabling science and potential applications. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 52(2), 145-152.
Ricke, S. C. 2021. Prebiotics and alternative poultry production. Poultry Science, 100(7), 101174.
Ricke, S. C., and Rothrock Jr, M. J. 2020. Gastrointestinal microbiomes of broilers and layer hens in alternative production systems. Poultry Science, 99(2), 660-669.
Ricke, S. C., and Saengkerdsub, S. 2015. Bacillus probiotics and biologicals for improving animal and human health: current applications and future prospects. Beneficial Microbes in Fermented and Functional Foods, 341-360.
Sahin, K., Ozbey, O., Onderci, M., Cikim, G., and Aysondu, M. H. 2002. Chromium supplementation can alleviate negative effects of heat stress on egg production, egg quality and some serum metabolites of laying Japanese quail. The Journal of Nutrition, 132(6), 1265-1268.
Sahin, N., Hayirli, A., Orhan, C. E. M. A. L., Tuzcu, M. E. H. M. E. T., Komorowski, J. R., and Sahin, K. 2018. Effects of the supplemental chromium form on performance and metabolic profile in laying hens exposed to heat stress. Poultry Science, 97(4), 1298-1305.
Sahin, N., Hayirli, A., Orhan, C., Tuzcu, M., Akdemir, F. A. T. I. H., Komorowski, J. R., and Sahin, K. 2017. Effects of the supplemental chromium form on performance and oxidative stress in broilers exposed to heat stress. Poultry Science, 96(12), 4317-4324.
Salminen, S., von Wright, A., Morelli, L., Marteau, P., Brassart, D., de Vos, W. M., and Mattila-Sandholm, T. 1998. Demonstration of safety of probiotics-a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 44(1-2), 93-106.
Saminathan, M., Sieo, C. C., Kalavathy, R., Abdullah, N., and Ho, Y. W. 2011. Effect of prebiotic oligosaccharides on growth of Lactobacillus strains used as a probiotic for chickens. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(1), 57-64.
Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition (ACAN). 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on the Safety use of Bacillus species in Animal Nutrition. European Commission, Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General,1-18.
Silva, J., Leite, D., Fernandes, M., Mena, C., Gibbs, P. A., and Teixeira, P. 2011. Campylobacter spp. as a foodborne pathogen: a review. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2, 1-12.
Singh, S., Bharadwaj, M., Mondal, B. C. and Koley, S. 2021. Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation in monogastric animals. International Magazine for Animal Feed and Additives Industry, 68-70.
Skarp, C. P. A., Hänninen, M. L., and Rautelin, H. I. K. 2016. Campylobacteriosis: the role of poultry meat. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 22(2), 103-109.
Soomro, R. N., Abd El‐Hack, M. E., Shah, S. S., Taha, A. E., Alagawany, M., Swelum, A. A., and Tufarelli, V. 2019. Impact of restricting feed and probiotic supplementation on growth performance, mortality and carcass traits of meat‐type quails. Animal Science Journal, 90(10), 1388-1395.
Souza, O., Adams, C., Rodrigues, B., Krause, A., Bonamigo, R., Zavarize, K., and Stefanello, C. 2021. The impact of Bacillus subtilis PB6 and chromium propionate on the performance, egg quality and nutrient metabolizability of layer breeders. Animals, 11(11), 3084.
Spears, J. W., Lloyd, K. E., Krafka, K., Hyda, J., and Grimes, J. L. 2024. Research Note: Chromium propionate for turkeys: effect on tissue chromium concentrations and human food safety. Poultry Science, 103(1), 103196.
Talapko, J., Včev, A., Meštrović, T., Pustijanac, E., Jukić, M., and Škrlec, I. 2022. Homeostasis and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota: comparing hallmarks of a healthy state with changes in inflammatory bowel disease. Microorganisms, 10(12), 1-19.
Taylor, E. V., Herman, K. M., Ailes, E. C., Fitzgerald, C., Yoder, J. S., Mahon, B. E., and Tauxe, R. V. 2013. Common source outbreaks of Campylobacter infection in the USA, 1997–2008. Epidemiology and Infection, 141(5), 987-996.
Teo, A. Y. L., and Tan, H. M. 2005. Inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by a novel strain of Bacillus subtilis isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71(8), 4185-4190.
Toghyani, M., Toghyani, M., Shivazad, M., Gheisari, A., and Bahadoran, R. 2012. Chromium supplementation can alleviate the negative effects of heat stress on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat lipid oxidation of broiler chicks without any adverse impacts on blood constituents. Biological Trace Element Research, 146, 171-180.
Urban, J., Kareem, K. Y., Atanasov, A. G., Matuszewski, A., Bień, D., Ciborowska, P., and Michalczuk, M. 2024. Postbiotics, a natural feed additive for growth performance, gut microbiota and quality of poultry products. Current Research in Biotechnology, 8, 1-8.
Wang, W. C., Yan, F. F., Hu, J. Y., Amen, O. A., and Cheng, H. W. 2018. Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis-based probiotic reduces heat stress-related behaviors and inflammatory response in broiler chickens. Journal of animal science, 96(5), 1654-1666.
Wasman, P. H. 2022. Effect of L-Threonine Supplementation to Diet on Some Productive and Physiological of Traits Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress Conditions. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 14(1), 47-53.
Xu, C., Wei, F., Yang, X., Feng, Y., Liu, D., and Hu, Y. 2022. Lactobacillus salivarius CML352 isolated from Chinese local breed chicken modulates the gut microbiota and improves intestinal health and egg quality in late-phase laying hens. Microorganisms, 10(4), 1-22.
Yadav, S., and Jha, R. 2019. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10(2), 1-11.
Yang, X., Zhang, B., Guo, Y., Jiao, P., and Long, F. 2010. Effects of dietary lipids andClostridium butyricum on fat deposition and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 89(2), 254-260.
Zhu, X. Y., Zhong, T., Pandya, Y., and Joerger, R. D. 2002. 16S rRNA-based analysis of microbiota from the cecum of broiler chickens. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 68(1), 124-137.
Zulkifli, I., Abdullah, N., Azrin, N. M., and Ho, Y. W. 2000. Growth performance and immune response of two commercial broiler strains fed diets containing Lactobacillus cultures and oxytetracycline under heat stress conditions. British Poultry Science, 41(5), 593-597.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Basim Aboud Abbas, Maisoon Shaaban, Carla Janaina R. M. do Rosário
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
