Determination of Rare Earth Elements by ICP-MS in some Geological Samples in (Sulaimani) Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Ahmad M.Abdulla; Kurdistan A.Hama

doi:10.21271/ZJPAS.32.1.7

Authors

Ahmad M.Abdulla Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
Kurdistan A.Hama Department of Geology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.32.1.7

Keywords:

Rare Earth Elements (REEs), ICP-MS, Nepheline synite, Igneous rocks.

Abstract

Rare Earth Elements(REEs) were evaluated in three locations in sulaimani, Kurdistan region , five types of rock were selected (alkaline, peralkaline, mafic ,iron ore and intermediate rocks).Decomposition of the rock samples carried out by Lithium MetaBorate fusion ,the final sample solutions were prepared in 4% HNO₃.ICP-MS technique was selected for analysis of Rare Earth Elements in the rock sample ,results show presence of economic level of some Rare Earth Elements in Qaladza location (Bulfat mountain group),the high grade of Rare Earth Elements deposited in Nepheline synite.The best accuracy and precision were obtained by ICP-MS technique, the D.L for most Rare Earth Elements are between (0.01-0.3 ppm),with (0.999)of correlation coefficient , the solutions of the blank, standard solutions are monitored throughout the analysis and the analysis of duplicate also performed to obtain a good accuracy from our analysis.

References

ABOUZEID, A.-Z. M. & NEGM, A.-T. A. 2014. Characterization and beneficiation of an Egyptian nepheline syenite ore. International Journal of Mineralogy, 2014.

ALIYU, A. S., MUSA, Y., LIMAN, M., ABBA, H. T., CHAANDA, M. S., NGENE, N. C. & GARBA, N. 2018. Determination of rare earth elements concentration at different depth profile of Precambrian pegmatites using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 131, 36-40.

ALONSO, E., SHERMAN, A. M., WALLINGTON, T. J., EVERSON, M. P., FIELD, F. R., ROTH, R. & KIRCHAIN, R. E. 2012. Evaluating rare earth element availability: A case with revolutionary demand from clean technologies. Environmental science & technology, 46, 3406-3414.

CHAKHMOURADIAN, A. R. & WALL, F. 2012. Rare earth elements: minerals, mines, magnets (and more). Elements, 8, 333-340.

CHAKHMOURADIAN, A. R. & ZAITSEV, A. N. 2012. Rare earth mineralization in igneous rocks: sources and processes. Elements, 8, 347-353.

DRUZIAN, G. T., PEREIRA, L. S., MELLO, P. A., MESKO, M. F., DUARTE, F. A. & FLORES, E. M. 2016. Rare earth element determination in heavy crude oil by USN-ICP-MS after digestion using a microwave-assisted single reaction chamber. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 31, 1185-1191.

DU, X. & GRAEDEL, T. E. 2013. Uncovering the end uses of the rare earth elements. Science of the Total Environment, 461, 781-784.

EL-TAHER, A. 2010. Rare earth elements content in geological samples from eastern desert, Egypt, determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68, 1859-1863.

GANGULI, R. & COOK, D. R. 2018. Rare earths: A review of the landscape. MRS Energy & Sustainability, 5.

GILL, R. 2010. Igneous rocks and processes: a practical guide, John Wiley & Sons.

GORBATENKO, A. & REVINA, E. 2015. A review of instrumental methods for determination of rare earth elements. Inorganic materials, 51, 1375-1388.

GU, F. & WILLS, B. 1988. Chromite-mineralogy and processing. Minerals Engineering, 1, 235-240.

JOHANNES, W. 1996. holtz F (1996) Petrogenesis and Experimental Petrology of Granitic Rocks. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

KHAN, A. M., BAKAR, N. K. A., BAKAR, A. F. A. & ASHRAF, M. A. 2017. Chemical speciation and bioavailability of rare earth elements (REEs) in the ecosystem: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 22764-22789.

KOLELI, N. & DEMIR, A. 2016. Chromite. Environmental Materials and Waste. Elsevier.

KUMARI, A., PANDA, R., JHA, M. K., KUMAR, J. R. & LEE, J. Y. 2015. Process development to recover rare earth metals from monazite mineral: a review. Minerals Engineering, 79, 102-115.

LAPENA, M. H. & MARINUCCI, G. 2018. Mechanical Characterization of Basalt and Glass Fiber Epoxy Composite Tube. Materials Research, 21.

LI, F., GONG, A., QIU, L., ZHANG, W., LI, J., LIU, Y., LIU, Y. & YUAN, H. 2017. Simultaneous determination of trace rare-earth elements in simulated water samples using ICP-OES with TODGA extraction/back-extraction. PloS one, 12, e0185302.

LI, F., GONG, A., QIU, L., ZHANG, W., LI, J. & LIU, Z. 2019. Diglycolamide-grafted Fe3O4/polydopamine nanomaterial as a novel magnetic adsorbent for preconcentration of rare earth elements in water samples prior to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry determination. Chemical Engineering Journal, 361, 1098-1109.

LI, Y., SONG, W., WU, G., WANG, Y., LI, Y. & ZHENG, D. 2005. Jinning granodiorite and diorite deeply concealed in the central Tarim Basin. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 48, 2061.

LIN, S., HE, M., HU, S., YUAN, H. & GAO, S. 2000. Precise determination of trace elements in geological samples by ICP-MS using compromise conditions and fine matrix-matching strategy. Analytical sciences, 16, 1291-1296.

LONG, K. R., VAN GOSEN, B. S., FOLEY, N. K. & CORDIER, D. 2012. The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States: a summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective. Non-Renewable Resource Issues. Springer.

LONGERICH, H., JENNER, G., FRYER, B. & JACKSON, S. 1990. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis of geological samples: a critical evaluation based on case studies. Chemical Geology, 83, 105-118.

MASSARI, S. & RUBERTI, M. 2013. Rare earth elements as critical raw materials: Focus on international markets and future strategies. Resources Policy, 38, 36-43.

RAMOS, S. J., DINALI, G. S., OLIVEIRA, C., MARTINS, G. C., MOREIRA, C. G., SIQUEIRA, J. O. & GUILHERME, L. R. 2016. Rare earth elements in the soil environment. Current Pollution Reports, 2, 28-50.

ROJANO, W. J. S., DOS ANJOS, T., DUYCK, C. B. & SAINT'PIERRE, T. D. 2019. The determination of rare earth elements in environmental samples with high Ba concentration by quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry employing sulfuric acid for the removal of barium interference. Microchemical Journal, 104026.

SCHRAMM, R. 2016. Use of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for the Determination of Rare Earth Elements. Physical Sciences Reviews, 1.

SILVA, C. D., SANTANA, G. P. & PAZ, S. P. 2020. Determination of La, Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd in mineral waste from cassiterite beneficiation by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Talanta, 206, 120254.

SIMANDL, G. 2014. Geology and market-dependent significance of rare earth element resources. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 889-904.

SIMMONS, S. Pegmatite Genesis: Recent advances and areas for future research. Granitic Pegmatites: The State of the Art–International Symposium proceedings, 2007.

SULISTYANINGSIH, T., SANTOSA, S. J., SISWANTA, D. & RUSDIARSO, B. 2017. Synthesis and characterization of magnetites obtained from mechanically and sonochemically assissted co-precipitation and reverse co-precipitation methods. Int J Mater, Mech Manuf, 5, 16-9.

ZAWISZA, B., PYTLAKOWSKA, K., FEIST, B., POLOWNIAK, M., KITA, A. & SITKO, R. 2011. Determination of rare earth elements by spectroscopic techniques: a review. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26, 2373-2390.

ZYBINSKY, A., KOLOTOV, V., KARANDASHEV, V. & KORDYUKOV, S. 2019. Determination of Rare-Earth and Accompanying Elements in Niobium− Rare-Earth Ores by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry Using Model Calibration and a Mathematical Approach for Resolving Spectral Interferences. Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 74, 213-225.