Heavy metal ions removal from wastewater using various low-cost agricultural wastes as adsorbents: a survey

Bnar M. Ibrahim

doi:10.21271/ZJPAS.33.2.8

Authors

Bnar M. Ibrahim Department of Chemistry, College of science, University of Raparin, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.33.2.8

Keywords:

heavy metals, adsorption, agricultural waste adsorbents.

Abstract

Toxic heavy metals have an important role in water pollution. Because of their toxicity and non-biodegradability which affects humans, animals, and also plants. Researchers in the field of environment used various heavy metal removal methods, such as ion exchange, precipitation, evaporation, membrane filtration and adsorption. Low cost, high efficiency and easy regeneration make the adsorption process as an effective technique in the heavy metal removal. The purpose of this review is to gather sufficient information about various agricultural waste adsorbents and their removal capacity for heavy metals.

References

Azouaou, N., Sadaoui, Z., Djaafri, A., Mokaddem, H. 2010. Adsorption of cadmium from aqueous solution onto untreated coffee grounds: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. J. Hazard. Mater. 184, 126–134

Arslan,Y., Kendüzler, E., Kabak, B., Demir, K., Tomul, F. 2017. Determination of Adsorption Characteristics of Orange Peel Activated with Potassium Carbonate for Chromium(III) Removal, JOTCSA. 4, 51-64.

Aydın, H., Bulut, Y., Yerlikaya, C. 2008. Removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto low-cost adsorbents. J. Environ. Manage. 87, 37–45.

Akhtar, M., Iqbal, S., Kausar, A., Bhanger, M., Shaheen, M. A. 2010. An economically viable method for the removal of selected divalent metal ions from aqueous solutions using activated rice husk. Colloids Surf. B Interfaces. 75, 149–155.

Amarasinghe, B., Williams, R. 2007. Tea waste as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of Cu and Pb from wastewater. Chem. Eng. J. 132, 299–309.

Anwar, J., Shafique, U., Salman, M., Dar, A., Anwar, S. 2010. Removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) from water by adsorption on peels of banana. Bioresour. Technol. 101,1752–1755.

Ahluwalia, S., Goyal, D. 2005. Removal of heavy metals by waste tea leaves from aqueous solution. Eng. Life Sci. 5, 158–162.

Anandkumar, J., Mandal, B. 2009. Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using Bael fruit (Aegle marmelos correa) shell as an adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 633–640.

Al-Madhoun, W. A., Isa, M. H., Ramli, N. A., Adlan, M. N., Hameed, B. H., Farooqi, I, H. 2005. International Conference-Water: Values & Rights, Palestine Academy for Science and Technology and Palestinian Water Authority, Palestine, 1-11.

Abas, S. N. A., Ismail, M. H. Sh., Kamal, M. L., Izhar, Sh. 2013 Adsorption Process of Heavy Metals by Low-Cost Adsorbent: A Review, World Applied Sciences Journal. 28 (11), 1518-1530.

Atkin, P., De Paula, J. 2006.Atkins Physical Chemistry, 8th Edition, W. H. Freeman and company, 917.

Annadurai, G., Juang, R. S., Lee, D. J. 2002. Adsorption of heavy metals from water using banana and orange peels, water science and technology. 47 (1),185–190.

Ajmal, M., Rao, R. A. K., Ahmad, R., Ahmad, J. 2000. Adsorption studies on Citrus reticulata (fruit peel of orange): removal and recovery of Ni (II) from electroplating wastewater. J. Hazard. Mater. 79,117–131.

Anwar, J., Shafique, U., Salman, M., Dar, A., Anwar, S. 2010. Removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) from water by adsorption on peels of banana. Bioresour. Technol. 101, 1752–1755.

Boonamnuayvitaya, V., Chaiya, C., Tanthapanichakoon, W., Jarudilokkul, S. 2004. Removal of heavy metals by adsorbent prepared from pyrolyzed coffee residues and clay. Separation and Purification Technology 35 (1),11–22.

Bhatnagar, A. Minocha, A. 2010. Biosorption optimization of nickel removal from water using Punica granatum peel waste. Colloids Surf. B Interfaces 76 , 544–548.

Bulut, Y., Baysal, Z. 2006. Removal of Pb (II) from wastewater using wheat bran. J. Environ. Manage. 78 ,107–113.

Babel, S., Kurniawan, T. A. 2003. Cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review, Journal of Hazardous Materials .97, 219- 243.

Bilal, M., Shah, J. A., Ashfaq, T., Gardazi, S. M. H., Tahir, A. A., Pervez, A., Haroon, H., Mahmood, Q. 2013. Waste biomass adsorbents for copper removal from industrial wastewater – A review, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 263 , 322–333.

Borba, C. E., Guirardello, R., Silva, E. A., Veit, M. T., Tavares, C. R. G. 2006. Removal of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solution by biosorption in a fixed bed column: experimental and theoretical breakthrough curves. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 30 (2) ,184–191.

Babel, S., Kurniawan, T. A. 2003. Various treatment technologies to remove arsenic and mercury from contaminated groundwater: an overview. In: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Southeast Asian Water Environment, Bangkok, Thailand. ,433-440.

Buasri, A., Chaiyut, N.,Tapang, K., Jaroensin, S., Panphrom, S.2012. Equilibrium and kinetic studies of biosorption of Zn (II) ions from wastewater using modified corn cob. Apcbee Procedia. 3,60-64.

Bishnoi, N. R., Bajaj, M., Sharma, N., Gupta, A. 2003. Adsorption of Cr(VI) on activated rice husk carbon and activated alumina. Bioresour. Technol. 91 (3) , 305–307.

Barakat, M. A. 2011. New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater, Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 4, 361–377.

Cay, S., Uyanık, A., Özası̧, K. A. 2004.Single and binary component adsorption of copper (II) and cadmium (II) from aqueous solutions using tea-industry waste. Sep. Purif. Technol. 38, 273–280.

Chand, P., Shil, A. K., Sharma, M., Pakade, Y. B. 2014. Improved adsorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solution using chemically modified apple pomace: mechanism, kinetics, and thermodynamics. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 90, 8–16.

Chand, P., Bafana, A., Pakade, Y. B. 2015. Xanthate modified apple pomace as an adsorbent for removal of Cd (II), Ni (II) and Pb (II), and its application to real industrial wastewater. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 97, 60–66.

Chakravarty, S., Pimple, S., Chaturvedi, H. T.,Singh, S. 2008. Removal of copper from aqueous solution using newspaper pulp as an adsorbent, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 159, 396-403.

Chen, S.,Yue, Q., Gao, B., Li, Q., Xu, X.2011. Removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution using modified corn stalks: Characteristic, equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic study. Chemical Engineering Journal, 168(2), 909-917.

Daraei, H., Mittal, A., Noorisepehr, M., Mittal, J.2015. Separation of chromium from water samples using eggshell powder as a low-cost sorbent: kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment 53 (1) , 214–220.

Dubey, S. P., Gopal, K. 2007. Adsorption of chromium (VI) on low cost adsorbents derived from agricultural waste material: a comparative study. J. Hazard. Mater. 145, 465–470.

Ding, N., Cao, Q., Zhao, H., Yang, Y., Zeng, L.,He, Y., Xiang, K., Wang, G. 2010. Colorimetric Assay for Determination of Lead (II) Based on Its Incorporation into Gold Nanoparticles during Their Synthesis, Sensors. 10 ,11144-11155.

Dabrowski, A. 2001. Adsorption, from theory to practice. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. 93, 135-224.

Deng, S., Zhang, G., Wang, X., Zheng, T., Wang, P. 2015.Preparation and performance of polyacrylonitrile fiber functionalized with iminodiacetic acid under microwave irradiation for adsorption of Cu(II) and Hg(II), Chemical Engineering Journal. 276, 349–357.

Demirbas, A. 2008. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: A review. J. Hazard. Mater. 157, 220.

Demirbas, A. 2008. Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review. Journal of hazardous materials. 157(2), 220-229.

Dada, A. O., Ojediran, J. O., Olalekan, A. P. 2013. Sorption of Pb from Aqueous Solution unto Modified Rice Husk: Isotherms Studies, Advances in Physical Chemistry.

Dupont, L., Bouanda, J., Dumonceau, J., Aplincourt, M.2005. Biosorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) onto a lignocellulosic substrate extracted from wheat bran. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2,165–168.

El-Ashtoukhy, E.-S. Z., Amin, N. K., Abdelwahab, O. 2008. Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) from aqueous solution using pomegranate peel as a new adsorbent. Desalination, 223, 162-173.

El-Shafey, E. I. 2007. Sorption of Cd (II) and Se (IV) from aqueous solution using modified rice husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials 147 (1), 546–555.

Feng, N., Guo, X., Liang, S.2009. Adsorption study of copper (II) by chemically modified orange peel. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164(2) ,1286-1292.

Feng, N., Guo, X., Liang, S., Zhu, Y., Liu, J.2011. Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions by chemically modified orange peel. Journal of Hazardous Materials,185(1), 49-54.

Febrianto, J., Kosasih, A. N., Sunarso, J., Ju, Y., Indraswati, N., and Ismadji, S. 2009. Equilibrium and kinetic studies in adsorption of heavy metals using biosorbent: A summary of recent studies, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 162, 616-645.

Fu, E.,Wang, Q. 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters A review, Journal of Environmental Management. 92, 407-418.

Farinella, N. V., Matos, G. D., Arruda, M. A. Z. 2007. Grape bagasse as a potential biosorbent of metals in effluent treatments, Bioresource Technology, 98, 1940–1946.

Farooq, U., Khan, M. A., Athar, M., Kozinski, J. A. 2011. Effect of modification of environmentally friendly biosorbent wheat (Triticum aestivum) on the biosorptive removal of cadmium (II) ions from aqueous solution. Chem. Eng. J. 171, 400–410.

Ghimire, K. N., Inoue, J., Inoue, K., Kawakita, H., Ohto, K. 2008. Adsorptive separation of metal ions onto phosphorylated orange waste, Separation Science and Tech- nology, 43, 362–375.

Ghare, A. A., Kamble, G. S., Anuse, M. A., Kolekar, S. S. 2013. Development and Optimization of Analytical Method for Synergistic Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Cadmium(II) by using 1-(2’,4’- dinitroaminophenyl)-4,4,6- trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiol: Analysis of Alloys, Thin Film and Biological Material, Columbia International Publishing, Journal of Trace Element Analysis. 2 (1), 1-20.

Gupta, V. K., Ali, I. 2000. Utilisation of bagasse fly ash (a sugar industry waste) for the removal of copper and zinc from wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology. 18(2),131-140.

Giwa, A. A., Bello, I. A., Oladipo, M. A., Adeoye, D. O. 2013. Removal of cadmium from waste-water by adsorption using the husk of melon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed. Int. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 2(1),110-123.

Hossain, M. A., Ngo, H. H., Guo W. S., and Nguyen, T. V. 2012. Biosorption of Cu(II) from water by Banana peel based biosorbent: Experiments and models of adsorption and desorption. Journal of Water Sustainability. 2(1),87-104.

Ho, Y. S., McKay, G. 1999. Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes. Process Biochemistry. 34, 451-465.

Ho, Y.-S., Ofomaja, A. E. 2006. Biosorption thermodynamics of cadmium on coconut copra meal as biosorbent. Biochem. Eng. J. 30, 117–123.

Hokkanen, S., Bhatnagar, A., Srivastava,V., Suorsa, V., Sillanpaa, M. 2018. Removal of Cd2+, Ni2+ and PO43− from aqueous solution by hydroxyapatite-bentonite clay-nanocellulose composite, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.118 ,903-912.

Hussain, M. A., Salleh, A., Millow, P. 2009. Characterization of the Adsorption of the Lead (II) by the Nonliving Biomass. Amirican Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 5, 75-83.

Ho, Y. S. 2006. Review of second-order models for adsorption systems, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 136, 681-689.

Iqbal, M., Saeed, A., Zafar, S. I. 2009b. FTIR spectrophotometry, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling, ion exchange, and EDX analysis for understanding the mechanism of Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal by mango peel waste. J. Hazard. Mater. 164, 161–171.

Igwe, J. C., Abia, A. A.2007. Equilibrium sorption isotherm studies of Cd(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions detoxification from waste water using unmodified and EDTA- modified maize husk, Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 10, 536–548.

Igwe, J. C., Ogunewe, D. N., Abia, A. A. 2005. Competitive adsorption of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions from aqueous and non-aqueous solution by maize cob and husk. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 4 (10) ,1113– 1116.

Iqbal, M., Saeed, A., Kalim, I. 2009a. Characterization of adsorptive capacity and investigation of mechanism of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ adsorption on mango peel waste from constituted metal solution and genuine electroplating effluent. Separ. Sci. Technol. 44 ,3770–3791.

Jena, S., Sahoo, R. K. 2017. Removal of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solution Using Fruits Peel as a Low Cost Adsorbent, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology, 5 .

Johnson, P., Watson, M., Brown, J., Jefcoat, I. 2002 Peanut hull pellets as a single use sorbent for the capture of Cu (II) from wastewater. Waste Manag. 22, 471–480.

Javed, M. A., Bhatti, H.N., Hanif, M.A., Nadeem, R.2007. Kinetic, Equilibrium modeling of Pb(II) and Co(II) sorption onto rose waste biomass, Separation Science and Technology 42, 3641–3656.

Kurniawan, T. A., Chan, G, Y, S., Lo, W. H., Babel, S. 2006. Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals, Chemical Engineering Journal. 118, 3–98.

Karakaya, A. 2011. Purification Of Polyphenolic Compounds From Crude Olive Leaf Extract. MSc., Izmir Institute of Technology.

Karnitz, O., Gurgel, L. V. A., De Melo, J. C. P., Botaro, V. R., Melo, T. M. S., de Freitas Gil, R. P. L., Gil, F.2007. Adsorption of heavy metal ion from aqueous single metal solution by chemically modified sugarcane bagasse. Bioresource Technology, 98(6),1291-1297.

Katsumata, H., Kaneco, S., Inomata, K., Itoh, K., Funasaka, K., Masuyama, K., Suzuki, T., Ohta, K. 2003. Removal of heavy metals in rinsing wastewater from plating factory by adsorption with economical viable materials, Journal of Environmental Management. 69 ,187–191.

Kadirvelu, K., Namasivayam, C. 2003. Activated carbon from coconut coirpith as metal adsorbent: adsorption of Cd (II) from aqueous solution. Adv. Environ. Res. 7, 471–478.

Khaled, A., Nemr, A. E., El Sikaily, A., Abdelwahab, O.2009. Treatment of artificial textile dye effluent containing Direct Yellow 12 by orange peel carbon. Desalination. 238, 210-232.

Kadirvelu, K., Namasivayam, C. 2000. Agricutural by-product as metal adsorbent: sorption of lead (II) from aqueous solution onto coir pith carbon. Environ. Technol. 21,1091–1097.

Kailani, G., Rao, G. B., Saradhi, B. V., Kumar, Y. P. 2009. ARPN journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 4, 39-49.

Kahraman, S., Dogan, N., Erdemoglu, S. 2008. Use of various agricultural wastes for the removal of heavy metal ions. Int. J. Environ. Pollut. 34, 275–284.

Kaikake, K., Hoaki, K., Sunada, H., Dhakal, R. P., Baba, Y. 2007. Removal characteristics of metal ions using degreased coffee beans: adsorption equilibrium of cadmium (II). Bioresource Technology 98 (15), 2787–2791.

Kula, I., Uğurlu, M., Karaoğlu, H., Celik, A. 2008. Adsorption of

Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from olive stone by ZnCl2 activation. Bioresource Technology 99 (3), 492–501.

Li, Y., Liu, J., Yuan, Q., Tang, H., Yu, F., Lv, X.2016. A green adsorbent derived from banana peel for highly effective removal of heavy metal ions from water, The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Lan, S., Wu, X., Li, L., Li, M., Guo, F., Gan, S. 2013. Synthesis and characterization of hyaluronic acid-supported magnetic microspheres for copper ions removal. Colloids and Surfaces A, Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects .425, 42–50.

Mara, D. D. 2003. Water sanitation and hygiene for the health of developing nations, Public Health. 117, 452-456.

Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U. 2006. Activated carbons and low cost adsorbents for remediation of tri- and hexavalent chromium from water, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 137 (2), 762–811.

Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U. 2007. Arsenic removal from water/ wastewater using adsorbents – a critical review. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 142 (1), 1–53.

Monser, L., Adhoum, N. 2002. Modified activated carbon for the removal of copper, zinc, chromium and cyanide from wastewater. Separation and Purification Technology. 26(2/3),137-146.

Mehdi, R., Mehdi, V. 2014. Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin adsorption isotherms of propranolol on multi-wall carbon nanotube. Journal of Modern Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery Research. 11, 1-3.

Meunier, N., Laroulandie, J., Blais J. F., and Tyagi, R. D. 2003. Cocoa shells for heavy metal removal from acidic solutions. Bioresource Technology. 90(3),255-63.

Mohammad, M., Maitra, S., Ahmad, N., Bustam, A., Sen, T., Dutta, B. K. 2010. Metal ion removal from aqueous solution using physic seed hull. J. Hazard. Mater. 179 ,363–372.

Malkoc, E., Nuhoglu, Y. 2005. Investigations of Ni(II) removal from aqueous solutions using tea factory waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 127, 120-128.

Memon, J. R., Memon, S. Q., Bhanger, M., Memon, G. Z., El- Turki, A., Allen, G. C. 2008a. Characterization of banana peel by scanning electron microscopy and FT-IR spectroscopy and its use for cadmium removal. Colloids Surf. B Interfaces. 66,260–265.

Memon, J. R., Memon, S. Q., Bhanger, M. I., El-Turki, A., Hallam, K. R., Allen, G. C. 2009. Banana peel: a green and economical sorbent for the selective removal of Cr (VI) from industrial wastewater. Colloids Surf. B Interfaces 70, 232–237.

Mohan, S., Sumitha, K. 2008. Removal of Cu (II) by adsorption using casuarina equisetifolia bark. Environ. Eng. Sci. 25, 497–506.

Mohanty, K., Jha, M., Meikap, B. C., Biswas, M. N. 2005. Removal of chromium (VI) from dilute aqueous solutions by activated carbon developed from Terminalia arjuna nuts activated with zinc chloride, Chemical Engineering Science. 60 (11), 3049–3059.

Nouri, L., Ghodbane, I., Hamdaoui, O., Chiha, M. 2007. Batch sorption dynamics and equilibrium for the removal of cadmium ions from aqueous phase using wheat bran. J. Hazard. Mater. 149, 115–125.

Namasivayam, C., Kadirvelu, K. 1999.Uptake of mercury (II) from wastewater by activated carbon from an unwanted agricultural solid by-product: coirpith. Carbon . 37 (1) ,79–84.

Nawabanne, J. T., Igbokwe, P. K. 2008. Kinetics and equilibrium modeling of nickel adsorption by cassava peel. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 3 , 829-834.

Namasivayam, C., Sureshkumar, M. V. 2008. Removal of chromium (VI) from water and wastewater using surfactant modified coconut coir pith as a biosorbent. Bioresource Technology 99 (7), 2218–2225.

Oladoja, N. A., Ololade, I. A., Alimi, O. A., Akinnifesi, T. A., Olaremu, G. A.2013. Iron incorporated rice husk silica as a sorbent for hexavalent chromium attenuation in aqueous system. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 91 (12), 2691–2702.

Oyaro, N., Juddy, O., Murago, E. N. M., and Gitonga, E. 2007. The contents of Pb, Cu, Zn and Cd in meat in Nairobi, Kenya, Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment. 5(3-4), 119-121.

Ozcan, A., Ozcan, S., Tunali, S., Akar, T., Kiran, I. 2005. Journal of hazardous material. B124, 200-208.

Ozcoy, H. D., Kumbur, H.2006. Adsorption of Cu(II) ions on cotton boll. J. Hazard. Mater. 136,911.

Ozer, A., Pirinc , H. B. 2006. The adsorption of Cd(II) ions on sulfuric acid-treated wheat bran, J. Hazard. Mater. 137,849–855.

Otun, J. A., Oka, I. A., Olarinoye, N. O., Adie, D. B., Okuofu, C. A. 2006. Adsorption isotherms of Pb, Ni and Cd ions onto PES, Journal of Applied Sciences. 6 , 2368-2376.

Oo, C.-W., Kassim, M., Pizzi, A. 2009. Characterization and performance of Rhizophora apiculata mangrove polyflavonoid tannins in the adsorption of copper (II) and lead (II). Ind. Crops Prod. 30,152–161.

Oliveira, W. E., Franca, A. S., Oliveira, L. S., Rocha, S. D. 2008. Untreated coffee husks as biosorbents for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Journal of Hazardous Materials 152 (3), 1073–1081.

Pehlivan, E., Altun, T., Cetin, S., Bhanger, M. I. 2009. Lead sorption by waste biomass of hazelnut and almond shell. J. Hazard. Mater. 167,1203–1208.

Parab, H., Joshi, S., Shenoy, N., Lali, A., Sarma, U., Sudersanan, M.2006. Determination of kinetic and equilibrium parameters of the batch adsorption of Co (II), Cr (III) and Ni (II) onto coir pith. Process Biochem. 41, 609–615.

Peric, J., Trgo, M., Medvidoovic, N. V. 2004. Removal of zinc, copper and lead by natural zeolite a comparison of adsorption isotherms, Water Research. 38,1893-1899.

Pehlivan, E., Yanik, B. H., Ahmetli, G., Pehlivan, M.2008. Equilibrium isotherm studies for the uptake of cadmium and lead ions onto sugar beet pulp, Bioresource Technology 99, 3520–3527.

Pino, G. H., de Mesquita, L. M. S., Torem, M. L., Pinto, G. A. S. 2006. Biosorption of cadmium by green coconut shell powder. Miner. Eng. 19, 380–387.

Padmini, E., Sridhar, S. 2007. Effect of pH and contact time on the uptake of heavy metals from industrial effluents by Pongamia pinnata Bark. Asian J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. Environ. Sci. 9, 187–190.

Pehlivan, E., Altun, T. 2008. Biosorption of chromium (VI) ion from aqueous solutions using walnut, hazelnut and almond shell. J. Hazard. Mater. 155, 378–384.

Renu., Agarwal, M., Singh, K. 2017. Heavy metal removal from wastewater using various adsorbents: a review, journal of water reuse and desalination.

Ramana, D., Jamuna, K., Satyanarayana, B., Venkateswarlu , B., Rao, M. M., Seshaiah, K. 2010. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using activated carbon prepared from Cicer arietinum. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 92,1447–1460.

Renu, M. Agarwal, K. Singh, A. 2016. survey of modified agricultural wastes for heavy metal removal from waste water, International journal of engineering science and research technology, 5(12).

Reddy, D. H. K., Seshaiah, K., Reddy, A., Rao, M. M.,Wang, M. 2010. Biosorption of Pb2+ from aqueous solutions by Moringa oleifera bark: equilibrium and kinetic studies. J. Hazard. Mater. 174, 831–838.

Sekhar, M. C. 2008. Removal of lead from aqueous effluents by adsorption on coconut shell carbon. J. Environ. Sci. Eng. 50, 137–140.

Sugashini, S., Begum, K. M. M. S. 2015. Preparation of activated carbon from carbonized rice husk by ozone activation for Cr (VI) removal. New Carbon Materials. 30 (3), 252–261.

Srivastava, V. S., Mall, I. D., Mishra, I. M. 2006. Characterization of mesoporous rice husk ash (RHA) and adsorption kinetics of metal ions from aqueous solution onto RHA, Journal of hazardous material. 134, 257-267

Stephen, M., Catherine, N., Brenda, M., Andrew, K., Leslie, P., Corrine, G. 2011. Oxolane-2,5-dione modified electro spun cellulose nano fibers for heavy metals adsorption, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 192 , 922-927.

Shim, J., Lim, J. M., Shea, P. J., Oh, B. T. 2014.Simultaneous removal of phenol, Cu and Cd from water with corn cob silica-alginate beads. Journal of hazardous materials, 272,129-136.

Subbaiah, M. V., Vijaya, Y., Kumar, N. S., Reddy, A. S., Krishnaiah, A. 2009. Biosorption of nickel from aqueous solutions by Acacia leucocephala bark: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Colloids Surf. B Interfaces 74, 260–265.

Srivastava, V. C., Mall, I. D., Mishra, I. M.2008. Removal of cadmium (II) and zinc (II) metal ions from binary aqueous solution by rice husk ash. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 312 (2) ,172–184.

Sha, L., Xueyi, G., Ningchuan, F., Qinghua, T. 2009. Adsorption of Cu2+ and Cd2+ from aqueous solution by mercapto-acetic acid modified orange peel. Colloids Surf. B Interfaces. 73, 10–14.

Saikaew, W., Kaewsarn, P., Saikaew, W. 2009. Pomelo peel: agricultural waste for biosorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solutions. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. 56, 287–291.

Sarin, V., Pant, K. K. 2006. Removal of chromium from industrial waste by using eucalyptus bark. Bioresour. Technol. 97, 15–20.

Tovar, C. T., Ortiz, A. V., Correa, D. A., Gómez, N. P., Amor, M. O. 2018. Lead (II) Remotion in Solution Using Lemon Peel (Citrus limonum) Modified with Citric Acid, International Journal of Engineering and Technology.10 (1).

Tejada-Tovar, C., González-Delgado, A., Villabona-Ortíz, A. 2018. Comparison of Banana Peel Biosorbents for the Removal of Cr (VI) from Water. Contemporary Engineering Sciences. 11 (21), 1033 – 1041.

Tan, G., Xiao, D .2009. Adsorption of cadmium ion from aqueous solution by ground wheat stems. J. Hazard. Mater. 164, 1359–1363.

Vafakhah, S., Bahrololoom, M. E., Bazarganlari, R., Saeedikhani, M. 2014. Removal of copper ions from electroplating effluent solutions with native corn cob and corn stalk and chemically modified corn stalk. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2(1), 356-361.

Wasewar, K. L., Atif, M., Prasad, B., Mishra, I. 2009. Batch adsorption of zinc on tea factory waste. Desalination 244, 66–71.

Wang, J., Chen, C. 2009. Biosorbents for heavy metals removal and their future, Biotechnology Advances. 27(2) ,192 – 226

Wang, X. S., Chen, L. F., Li, F. Y., Chen, K. L., Wan, W. Y., Tang, Y. J. 2010. Removal of Cr (VI) with wheat-residue derived black carbon: reaction mechanism and adsorption performance. J. Hazard. Mater. 175, 816–822.

Wang, Z., Barford, J. P., Hui, C. W., McKay, G. 2015. Kinetic and equilibrium studies of hydrophilic and hydrophobic rice husk cellulosic fibers used as oil spill sorbents, Chemical Engineering Journal. 281,961-969.

Xueyi, G., Sha, L., Qinghua, T. 2011.Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorption Using Modified Orange Peel as Adsorbent, Advanced Materials Research. 236-238, 237-240.

Yao, Z.-Y., Qi, J.-H., Wang, L.-H. 2010. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the biosorption of Cu (II) onto chestnut shell. J. Hazard. Mater. 174,137–143.

Yadla, S. V., Sridevei, V., Chandana Lakshmi, M. V. V.2012. Adsorption performance of fly ash for the removal of lead. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology. 1(7).

Y u, B., Zhang, Y., Shukla, A., Shukla, S., and Dorris, K. L. 2000. The removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust adsorption- Removal of lead and comparison of its adsorption with copper, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 84(1), 83-94.

Yang, G., Jiang, H. 2014. Amino modification of biochar for enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater, Water Res. 48, 396-405.

Zawaniz, L. C. A., Thomas, S. Y. 2009. Choong, Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies: Adsorption of Remazol Black 5 on the Palm Kernel Shell Activated Carbon, European Journal of Scientific Research. 37, 67-76.

Zhou, D., Zhang, L., Zhou, J., Guo, S. 2004. Cellulose/chitin beads for adsorption of heavy metals in aqueous solution, Water Research. 38 , 2643-2650.

Zuorro, A., Lavecchia, R. 2010. Adsorption of Pb (II) on spent leaves of green and black tea. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 7,153–159.

Zhu, C.-S., Wang, L.-P., Chen, W.-B. 2009. Removal of Cu (II) from aqueous solution by agricultural by-product: peanut hull. J. Hazard. Mater. 168, 739–746.

Zuorro, A., Lavecchia, R. 2010. Adsorption of Pb (II) on spent leaves of green and black tea. Am. J. Appl. Sci. 7, 153–159.