Recent Development of Holding Companies Under Iraqi Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21271/zjlp.22.37.5Keywords:
Holding company, Company law, Subsidiaries, Liability.Abstract
Emerging holding companies are now a universal necessity as a result of rapidly expanding domestic and international business transactions. Due to holding companies’ significant impact on the national economy, legislation increasingly focuses on them. Concisely, the holding company dominates the administrative and financial aspects of its subsidiaries, and as a result, it casts votes on the board of directors of the subsidiary in favour of the holding company’s interests. The research is divided into three chapters; the first chapter provides a general description of the holding company. Then, clearly, holding companies in Iraq, such as recent sorts of companies, were legalized at the end of 2019 when the Iraqi Representative Council amended Company Law No. 21 and issued No. 17 of 2019 to legalize holding companies. As well, the second chapter analyses domination measures over the subsidiaries, and the third chapter pertains to the holding companies’ liability. In the conclusion, the researcher presents some results and recommendations.
References
References:
BOOKS
Hussien Faidhallah and Dana Abdulkarim & Jala Yahya. 2022. Ravay yasay kompanyakany Iraq w hamwarkrdnawakan ( Interpretation of the Iraq companies law and amendments). Sulaymaniyah : Yadgar .
Ali AL-rufaiee and Ali Dhari. 2007. "“Tabiaat alaqa al-sharika al-qabitha blsharikat al-tabiaa (the nature of the holding company's relation with the subsidiary companies)." Journal of Legal Science 1-57.
Allami, Sijad khalid. 2021. "Sijad Allami, “Mechanisms for the holding company to control its subsidiaries (A comparative study between the Iraqi and Egyptian laws)." The Journal Of Law Research 630-655.
Al-Noaimi, Bassam. 2020. "Awjah al-qanunia lsaytara al-sharika al-qabitha ala sharika al-tabiaa fe thui qanun al-sharikat Al-Emarate al-jadid raqam 2 lsana 2015 ( legal aspect of the holding companys control over its subsidires in the light of the new UAE companies law no. 2 2015)." Sharjah Journal 270-312.
Andreas Müller and Sébastien Maury and Thomas Linder, Roberta Venturi Lechartier, André Güdel. 2013. https://ub-swasearch.ub.unibas.ch/de/detail/swasearch_9961619790105504 . https://ub-swasearch.ub.unibas.ch/de.
Bringezu, Volker. 1973. "Parent - Subsidary relations under German law." The International Lawyer 138-157.
Dana Abdulqadir and Abdulbasit Mawlud . 2020. "Al-nidham al-qanuny llsharika al-qabitha fi al-qanun al-iraq -drasa tahlilia mqarnna (Legal system of holding company in iraqi law-comparative and analysis study)." Rafidain Of Law Journal 50-89.
Fady Tawakol and Walaa Ibrahim & Nayel Alomran . 2021. "The Legal Basis For a Holding Companys Liability For its Subsidiaries Debt: Comparative Analysis Of The UAE And The Egyptian Legal System ." Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 1-14.
"Federal Law No. 2 of 2015 AD on Commercial Companies."
Forlian Amereller and Stephan Jager and Ahmed S. Al- Janabi . 2010. Legal Guide to Doing Business in Iraq . Baghdad: Mena Associates and FULLBRIGHT .
Freedland, Fred. 1955. "History of Holding Company Legislation in New YorkState: Some Doubts as to the "New Jeresy" Tradition ." Fordham Law Review 369-411.
"French Company Law ."
Ibrahim, Faruq Jasm. 2021. "Mlahadhat fe al-qanun raqam (17) lsana 2019 al-maadal lqanun al-sharikat raqam (21) lsana 1997 (Notes on the Law n. 17 – 2019 which Modification the Company Law n. 21-1997)." Jouran of Law College 1-24.
Ibrahim, Marwan. 2007. "Tabiat al-alaqa al-qanunia bein kl mn al-sharika al-qabitha w al-sharika al-mtaadt al-jnsiat mn jhat w al-sharikat al- tabia lkl mnha mn jhat ixra (Nature of legal relationship between holding company and multinational company other side subsidiaries with." AL Manart Journal 73-107.
"Iraq Banking Law."
"Iraq Civil Law no. 40 of 1951."
"Iraqi Company Law No.(21) Of 1997 with its amendments ."
Jasim, Muyasar. 2021. "Al-sharikat al-qabidha fe al-tashrei al-Iraqi fe thui al-qanun raqm 17 lsanat 2019- drasa mqarna (Holding companies in Iraqi legislation in the light of Law No. 17 of 2019- a comparative study)." JOURNAL OF AL-QALAM UNIVERSITY COLLEGE/ KIRKUK 63-100.
Jasm, Faruq. 2021. "Mlahadath fe al-qanun raqam (17) lsana 2019 al_maddal lqanun al-sharikat raqam (21) lsana 1997 ( Notes on the law no. 17 - 2019 which modification the company law no. 21 - 1997")." Journal Of Law College - Al- Nahrain University 1-24.
Jorani, Ekhlas. 2020. "Holding companies according to the amendment of the Iraqi Companies Law no. 17 of 2019." Tikrit University Journal for Rights 119-148.
"Jordanian Company Law No. 22 of 1997 and its amendments ."
Kate, Esraa. 2022. "Ahkam al-sharika al-qabidha fe al-tashri al-iraqi (The provisions of the holding company in the Iraqi legislation)." Iklil For Humanities Studies 751-768.
Khandan, Shatha. 2020. "The Legal basis for holding company liability in the field of Iraqi legislation provisions ." Journal of the Iraqi University 474-489.
Martin Petrin and Barnali Choudhory. 2018. "Group Company Liability ." European Business Organization Law Review 771-796.
Muqdad Sam Al-Juboori and Hadeel Adnan Al-Ani & Othman Ayad Al-Juboori. 2020. "Holding companies under Iraqs amended companies law." The MENA Business Law Review 40-44.
Muscat, Andrew. 2016. Liability of the holding company for the debts of its insolvent subsidiaries. Routledge .
Sasi, Sara. 2013. "Holding companies and parent company and subsidiares in the Algeria commercial law." University of Oum El- Bouaghi .
"United Kingdom Company Act."
French Company Law . (1985). France .
Iraq Banking Law. (2004). Iraq.
Iraq Civil Law no. 40 of 1951. (1951). Iraq.
Iraqi Company Law No.(21) Of 1997 with its amendments . (2019). Iraq.
Jordanian Company Law No. 22 of 1997 and its amendments . (2006). Jordan .
Webs
Andreas Müller and Sébastien Maury and Thomas Linder, Roberta Venturi Lechartier, André Güdel. (2013). https://ub-swasearch.ub.unibas.ch/de/detail/swasearch_9961619790105504 . Retrieved from KMPG: https://ub-swasearch.ub.unibas.ch/de
