Plebiscite as a Means to Enjoy Statehood Iraq’s Kurds Plebiscite in the Shade of the Iraqi Constitution and International Practice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJlP.22.36.10Abstract
The idea that consists of the right of a people or a group could be incumbent of legitimate entitlement to enjoy a statehood, is already existed since the early years of the 20th century.
However, certain people have been conferred a positive entitlement to enjoy their own statehood. Those people are not only having the possibility to do that without breaching any rules of international law, but they literally have a right upon the international law to do so.
A referendum or plebiscite is considered as one of the peaceful means of exercising the right to self-determination, and a referendum or plebiscite is consistent with developments by the international community and the enjoy statehood, and it is considered one of the favorite tools of the United Nations Organization.
This research aims to highlight the concept of referendum and plebiscite then the importance of it as a peaceful means to enjoy statehood. Moreover, is to exemplify and evaluate the most important features and legal impediments to the Iraqi Kurds plebiscite in 2017 from the legitimacy point of view in relation to the international law and the Iraqi constitution.
References
Books
A-In English.
-Malcolm N. Shaw, International Law, 5th edition, Cambridge university Press, 2003.
- Antony Green, Plebiscite or Referendum - What's the Difference, a media article published by ABC news on August 11, 2015.
-Bernhard knoll, the Legal Status of Territories Subject to Administration by International Organizations, Camberidge,2019.
-James Dobbins et al., the UNs Role in Nation-Building. From the Congo to Iraq (Santa Monica,CA:RAND Corporation, 2005.
-Danesh Sarooshi, The United Nations and the Development of Collective Security. The Delegation by the Security Council of Chapter VII Powers (Oxford: Oxford University.
-Senda Selo Sabic, Sate-Building Under Foreign Supervision: Bosnia –Herzegovina 1996-2003(PhD thesis, on file with the EUI,2003), at 121.
-Karin con Hippel, Democracy by Force.US. Military Interventions in The Past-Cold War World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
-Marcus Cox, the Making of a Bosnian state: international law and the Authority of the international community (PhD on file with the University of Cambridge, 2001), at 2.
-Outi Korhonen, post as Justification: International Law and Democracy building after Iraq, 4:7 German LJ709-723(2003), at 723.
-Mary Ellen O’Connell, New International Legal Process, in the Methods of International Law 79-107 (eds.S.Ratner and Anne-Marie Slaughter, Washington, DC:36 ASIL Studies in International Legal Policy,2004), at 79.
-Sardar sharif, the right to self-determination in the experience of kosovos independence Analytical study of the legal and political dimension, qalaai zaniest scientific journal, 2018.
-Aleksandar Pavkovicand argyro kartsonaki, Declarations of independence: their sub-genres, this article was published in 2021 through the following link:
https//dio.org/10.20935/AL100.
-Serhun AL, Kurds, State Elites, and Patterns of Nationhood in Iraq and Turkey, Rethinking Nation and Nationalism,2 june,2015, project on Middle East Political Science, p.6-8.
- Kamaran palanai, jaafar khidir, mark Dechesne and Edwin bakker, the development of Kurdistan’s de facto statehood: Kurdistan’s September2017 referendum for independence, THIRD WORLD QUARTERLY,2019, VOL,40, NO.12,2270-2288.
-Kamaran Palani, Kurdistan’s facto statehood, a new explanatory framework, routledge,2022.
- Kamaran palani, Strategies to Gain International Recognition: Iraqi Kurdistan’s September 2017 Referendum for independence, ethnopolitics,2019.
-Sardar Mosa Sharif, An Analysis of Kurdistan region of Iraq Diplomacy and foreign policy objectives 2003-2013 case study, partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy in international relation,2015.
- Elihu lauterpacht, The international personality of the united nations. Capacity to administer territory,5ICLQ409-413(1956), at 410.
B- In Arabic.
- د. واصل، سامي جاد عبدالرحمن. ارهاب الدولة في اطار القانون الدولي العام، منشأة المعارف، الاسكندرية، مصر، 2003.
- د. ماجد راغب حلو، الاستفتاء الشعبي والشريعة الإسلامية، الدار الجامعة للطباعة والنشر، ٢٠٠٥.
- بزار محمد طاهر مصطفى، الاستفتاء كوسيلة سلمية لممارسة حق تقرير المصير، بحث منشور في مجلة الفنون والادب وعلوم الانسانيات والاجتماع، العدد ٣٦، آذار ٢٠١٩.
- الاستفتاء السياسي المؤدي الى الانفصال، شيماء علي سالم، بحث منشور في مجلة جامع تكريت للحقوق السنة ٢، المجلد ٢، العدد ٣، الجزء ١.
- سعيد بو الشعير، القانون الدستوري والنظم السياسية المقارنة، الجزء٢، الطبعة٤، الجزائر.
- د. ياسين محمود جوماني، الدبلوماسية الموازية بين النظرية و التطبيق، التفسير للطبع و النشر، أربيل، 2022.
C- In Kurdish
-عوسمان عەلی وەیسی، ریفراندۆم بۆ سەربەخۆیی باشوری کوردستان، چاپی یەکەم، چاپخانەی شەهاب، هەولێر، ٢٠١٧.
-د. خاموش عمر عبد الله، مافی چارەی هەرێمی کوردستان لە ژێر رۆشنایی ئەزمونی وڵاتاندا، چاپخانەی زانکۆ، ٢٠١٧.
UN Documents and Resolutions.
https://www.un.org/press/en/2017/sc13002.doc.htm
Electronic Sources.
-https://www.oxfordreference.com
