Zanco Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences

The effect of fartlek training in developing transition speed and specific speed endurance and 400m running achievement

qahar ahmed — 2026-04-20

The study aims to preparing fartlek trainings for transition speed and specific speed endurance aspects as well as developing both of them in 400m running. The researcher used the experiment design of one experimental group with pre and post tests in which appropriates with the nature of the research and its objectives. the population of the research consists of physical education college students for the academic year of (2024-2025), and the sample of the study selected of the students who participated at high school in the previous year in the annual sport festival for school sport activities held by directory of education in the Kurdistan Region for 400m running numbered (10) participants. Moreover, after conducting the exploratory experiment and pre test (2) of the participants were eliminated due to the lack of the commitment for the study procedures and tests in addition to (1) other individual because of injury and disability of taking part in the trainings. Therefore, the total number of the study sample became (7) individuals. The researcher concluded the post test results showed the efficiency of trainings prepared by the researcher in developing both transition speed and specific speed endurance comparing with pre test results.

Attitudes of students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Koya University towards working in the physical education teaching profession after graduation

Hunar Sabir — 2026-04-20

This research aims to identify the attitudes of students at the College of Physical Education toward working in the profession of teaching physical education or other work at Koya University in the Kurdistan Region/Iraq. The researcher used the descriptive methodology due to its suitability for the study’s objective. The researcher selected the research population using the purposive method, and the study population consisted of all students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Koya University, numbering 173 students. The researcher used a questionnaire to obtain the necessary data. The results showed that the level of attitude among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Koya University toward working in the profession of teaching physical education in general was high. The results of the first domain showed that students’ perception toward working in the profession of teaching physical education was high. The second domain revealed that students suffer from society’s view toward their future profession, which received a low level. The results of the third domain regarding the preference between the teaching profession and other work were also low. The results of the fourth domain showed that factors influencing the choice of the physical education teaching profession came at a high level

An Analytical Study of Some Biokinematic Variables and Their Relationship to the Long Jump Performance of Female University Students in Iraq

faraydoon Hassan — 2026-04-20

This study aimed to determine the values of selected biokinematic variables in the performance of the long jump among female university students in Iraq, and to examine the relationship between these variables and performance level. The research sample consisted of five of the top female participants in the 2024 Iraqi Universities Championship (long jump), held at the University of Sulaymaniyah Stadium. Video recording and modern scientific techniques were employed to analyze performance and extract the required biokinematic variables, alongside the use of a graphic scale and the implementation of both pilot and main experiments. All attempts were conducted in accordance with the international rules of the long jump, and the best attempt was selected for analysis.

The collected data were statistically processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), including the calculation of the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and simple correlation coefficient. The results indicated a statistically significant positive correlation between step length and step time and overall long jump performance. Additionally, variables associated with the collision and absorption phases showed significant relationships with performance level. Variables related to the propulsion and take-off phases also demonstrated statistically significant associations with performance, particularly regarding influential factors.

The effect of varying re-administration intervals for a number of physical tests on the reliability of the test-re-administration method for a sample of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Hiam Ahmed — 2026-04-20

The importance of the current research lies in studying the effect of the period between the first application of the test and the second application on the value of the stability coefficient (stability coefficient), after re-application after different periods (one day, 3 days, 5 days) of a number of physical tests for a sample of students from the College.

The research problem arises from answering the following question:

- What is the effect of the test re-administration period (one day, three days, five days) on the stability coefficient (stability) value of a number of physical tests?

The current research aims to: Identify the values of the stability coefficients after applying them and reapplying them after (one day, three days, and five days) to a number of physical tests, Identify the statistical differences between the values of the stability coefficients and in favor of any time period for a number of physical tests, The researcher hypothesizes the following: - The existence of significant differences between the reliability coefficients (stability) of a number of physical tests for students in the College.

The researcher concluded the following: - Re-administering the physical tests at different intervals yielded different stability results for a sample of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, the researcher recommends the following: Relying on the results of the current study when attempting to establish reliability through the application and reapplication of the test for the physical tests studied in the current study

Behavioral discipline under training and competition pressures among young football players in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Malwan Sherko — 2026-04-20

This study aimed to develop and standardize a behavioral discipline scale under training and competition pressures among young football players in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Using a descriptive and correlational approach, data were collected from 288 players. The final scale included 52 items across six domains and demonstrated high validity and reliability. Results indicated that most players showed an average level of behavioral discipline, emphasizing the need for targeted educational and training programs. A significant correlation was found between behavioral discipline and both individual and team performance under pressure. The study concluded that behavioral discipline is essential for building a balanced athletic personality and recommended applying the scale in clubs and training centers to enhance discipline and sportsmanship among young athletes.2- The results showed that there is a significant correlation between psychological stability and social compatibility among second-stage students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University - Erbil.

The researchers recommended the following:

1- The psychological aspect should be one of the important aspects that the teacher should pay attention to at the university.

2- Conducting other studies on students in other disciplines and other universities.

The effect of the Buxton method on learning the technical performance of some basic skills in freestyle swimming among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Mohammed Yaseen Alzahawi — 2026-04-20

The importance of this research lies in employing the Buxton method in acquiring and learning the basic skills of freestyle swimming. The research problem is to find a suitable method for learning this skill. It was found that one of the good methods that can be tried and used is the Buxton method, which has a positive and effective role in learning the freestyle skill. One of the objectives of this study is to identify the effect of the Buxton method on acquiring and learning some basic skills in freestyle swimming. The researcher used the experimental method as it is suitable for solving the research problem. A sample was selected purposively, and females were excluded from the selected sample since the aim of the study was to apply it to the male group. The total number of male students was (18) students, and they were divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group, with (9) students in each group. Pre- and post-tests were administered to the research sample. The program lasted four weeks, with two training sessions per week. Statistical data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The study concluded that the Buxton method has a positive effect on developing fundamental freestyle swimming skills.

The Role of Sports Media in Shaping Public Opinion Toward Corruption Issues in Sports Clubs: A Field Study from the Perspective of Media Professionals in the Kurdistan Region

Hardi Aziz — 2026-04-20

This study aims to examine the role of sports media in shaping public opinion regarding corruption issues in sports clubs in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A descriptive-analytical methodology was adopted, and a 25-item questionnaire was developed, covering four key dimensions: the reality of sports media, ethics of media coverage, content quality, and media coverage of corruption issues. The sample included 118 sports journalists from various traditional and new media outlets. The findings reveal that the perceived influence of sports media on public opinion is generally "moderate," influenced by factors such as "source credibility" and "type of media platform." The study also highlights professional and institutional challenges that affect the quality of coverage, alongside weak responsiveness from club administrations and inconsistent adherence to ethical standards. The study recommends supporting investigative journalism, enhancing professional training, and promoting transparency and interaction between media and sports institutions.

Psychological stability and its relationship to social compatibility among second-stage students in the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

Hana ibrahim mhamed Hadadd — 2026-04-20

The study aimed to:

1- Building a psychological stability scale among students of some departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

2- Identify the relationship between psychological stability and social compatibility among students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University - Erbil.

The researchers used in this study the descriptive approach, and the current research community was determined by the students of some departments and faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Kurdistan Region, and their number is (109) students in building the scale, while the research sample has applied the scale to the students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University - Erbil, who number (34) students, and the researchers relied on the use of the system (Version-22) SPSS in extracting the results.

The researchers have reached some conclusions, the most important of which are:

1- The results showed that the arithmetic means of each of the measures of psychological stability and social compatibility were greater than the hypothetical means for them, that is, students have psychological stability and social compatibility.

2- The results showed that there is a significant correlation between psychological stability and social compatibility among second-stage students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University - Erbil.

The researchers recommended the following:

1- The psychological aspect should be one of the important aspects that the teacher should pay attention to at the university.

2- Conducting other studies on students in other disciplines and other universities.

The Individual Dimension and Its Correlation with Psychological Empowerment Among Physical Education Instructors in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Adris Saleeh — 2026-04-20

The study aimed to assess the level of the individual dimension among instructors at sports institutes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, identify the most influential factors in enhancing psychological empowerment, and examine the relationship between the individual dimension and psychological empowerment. This was done by developing an individual dimension scale and adapting a psychological empowerment scale.

Using a descriptive survey and correlational approach, the study sampled 120 instructors from a population of 282. The individual dimension scale included 35 items across six axes. Both scales showed high validity and reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.90 and 0.91, respectively). Results indicated a moderate level of individual dimension (63.81%) and a good level of psychological empowerment (70.89%). A strong positive correlation was found between the two variables (r =

0.874, p < 0.05), suggesting that enhancing individual skills contributes to psychological empowerment.

The study concluded that instructors generally exhibit a moderate individual dimension that supports teaching quality, encourages entrepreneurial behavior, and strengthens guidance toward educational goals. Developing individual skills enhances competence, creativity, and initiative.

Recommendations include developing training programs to enhance individual dimension skills, promoting psychological empowerment through participatory policies, strengthening weaker areas through qualification courses, and integrating the individual dimension into performance evaluation to foster continuous learning, innovation, and initiative.

Effect of special exercises using assistive devices on developing skilled throwing performance of flying kites

Hiba Talal — 2026-04-20

The research aimed to:

- Develop exercises using assistive devices for the volleyball spike skill.

- Identify the effect of exercises using assistive devices on developing the spike skill of female volleyball players.

The research hypotheses were:

- There are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group that used exercises with assistive devices to develop the spike skill of female volleyball players.

The researcher used an experimental design with a single group and pre-test/post-test.

The research population was selected purposively and consisted of (17) players, from which (2) libero players were excluded for the pilot study.

The researcher reached the following conclusions:

- The use of educational devices helped increase the repetition of each exercise, which positively impacted skill learning.

- The exercises developed by the researcher had a positive effect on developing the spike skill of female volleyball players.

The recommendations were:

- Relying on educational devices to develop the technical performance of the spike skill. - Relying on educational aids reduces the trainer's effort and accelerates development. Educational aids increase engagement and motivation during learning session.

The effect of special exercises on different surfaces in developing some physical abilities of football players aged (14-15) years

Ahmed Kathem — 2026-04-21

This study aimed to design special exercises on different training surfaces to develop selected physical abilities of football players aged 14–15 years and to identify their effects on the research sample. The researcher adopted an experimental method using pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of 30 players from the National Center for Sports Talent Care in Baghdad, while the sample included 20 players (66.66%), randomly divided into two groups of 10 players each. Goalkeepers and some players were excluded due to injury or non-compliance with training.

After applying the training program and conducting statistical analyses, the results showed that special exercises performed on different surfaces (sand and natural grass) had a positive effect on improving players’ physical abilities. The variation in training surfaces contributed to enhancing key abilities such as agility, transitional speed, speed-strength, and speed endurance.

The study recommends adopting diversified training programs that include different surfaces to better prepare players physically and mentally. It also highlights the importance of sand training due to its effectiveness, low cost, and unique benefits. Furthermore, the researcher suggests conducting similar comparative studies across other sports and training environments.