چەمکی شوناس لە فەلسەفەی ئامارتیا سێن

Hawkar Rasool Mohammed Rasool; Amin Sharif

doi:10.21271/zjlp.23.39.8

Authors

Hawkar Rasool Mohammed Department of Political Systems and Public Policy, College of Political Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Amin Faraj Sharif Department of Political Systems and Public Policy, College of Political Science, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21271/zjlp.23.39.8

Keywords:

Amartya Sen, Identity, Illusions of Identity, Singular Identity, Multiculturalism

Abstract

Identity is one of the most widely debated issues among contemporary political and social thinkers, as societies and ideologies have yet to provide comprehensive solutions to this issue. In the modern context, the issue of identity has escalated into a crisis at the individual, group, and societies levels, prompting the emergence of various perspectives aimed at addressing it. Amartya Sen, the Indian philosopher and Nobel laureate, is one of the most prominent contemporary thinkers who does not align with a specific intellectual school or ideology. He has proposed numerous theses in the fields of economics and political science, particularly on issues such as sustainable development, the capability approach, and justice, in addition to offering his views on identity.

Sen's discourse on identity is informed by both the social experiences he witnessed and his personal experiences, particularly related to the partition of India. He believes that the singularity and imposition of a single identity are illusions of identity. Sen defines identity as a rational choice that holds value in different contexts, asserting that while a person may not always possess the power or desire to adopt certain identities, they retain the freedom to choose from among multiple identities. Moreover, Sen rejects the singular conception of identity based on fixed criteria such as religion or race, advocating instead for mulri identities. Sen also critiques Samuel Huntington's "Clash of Civilizations" thesis, arguing that the establishment of a singular identity grounded in one civilizational foundation is untenable.

While Sen does not fully agree with some communitarian views on governing society and addressing the issue of identity, he similarly critiques the implementation of multicultural policies. He argues that such policies may exacerbate divisions and contribute to violence, ultimately undermining social cohesion. According to Sen, identity politics fosters group divisions and inflames violence. To improve human relations and build a more harmonious society, he proposes the adoption of a shared human identity.

References

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English Language:

First: Books:

Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Hackman, H. W., Zuniga, X., Peters, M. L. (Eds.), Readings for diversity and social justice: An anthology on racism, sexism, anti-semitism, heterosexism, classism, and ableism, Routledge, First Edition, New York, 2000.

Amartya K. Sen, Collective Choice and Social Welfare, NORTH HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY, First edition, AMSTERDAM, NEW YORK, OXFORD, 1970.

AMARTYA SEN, INEQUALITY REEXAMINED, Oxford University Press, first edition, New York, 1992.

AMARTYA SEN, Reason before Identity: The Romanes LectureOxford, University Press, first edition, UK, 1999.

Amartya Sen, The Argumentative Indian: Writings on Indian History, Culture and Identity, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, First American edition, New York, 2005.

AMARTYA SEN, The Country of First Boys, Oxford University Press, first edition, UK, 2015.

Anthony D. Smith, Ethno-symbolism and nationalism: A cultural approach, Routledge, first edition, New York, 2009.

Bhikhu Parekh, A New Politics of Identity: Political Principles for an Interdependent World, Red Globe Press, first edition, UK, 2008.

Douglas Dowd (Ed), Understanding capitalism: critical analysis from Karl Marx to Amartya Sen, Pluto Press, first edition, LONDON • STERLING, VIRGINIA, 2002.

Francis Fukuyama, Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, first edition, New York, 2018.

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Ibrahim A. Karawan, Wayne McCormack, Stephen E. Reynolds (eds), Values and Violence, Studies in Global Justice, volume (4), Springer, Dordrecht, 2008.

Jiji Philip, The Human Rights Discourse between Liberty and Welfare: A Dialogue with Jacques Maritain and Amartya Sen, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, Baden-Baden, first edition, Germany, 2017.

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Lawrence Hamilton, Amartya Sen (Key Contemporary Thinkers), Polity Press, 1st Edition, UK, 2019.

Mahir A. Aziz, The Kurds of Iraq: Nationalism and Identity in Iraqi Kurdistan, I.B. Tauris, Second edition, London, 2015.

Mark Bevir (ed), Encyclopedia of political theory, A-E. Sage, 1st Edition, United States of America, 2010.

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Ann E. Cudd, Commitment as motivation: Amartya Sen’s theory of agency and the explanation of behaviour, Economics and Philosophy, Volume (30), Special Issue (1), 2014. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267114000030.

Betto van Waarden, Amartya Sen’s Identity Pluralism Applied to Will Kymlicka’s Liberal Multiculturalism, international journal on minority and group rights, Brill Nijhoff, Netherlands, Volume (21), 2014. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02104004 .

Cillian Ó Fathaigh, What Is Proper to a Culture: Identification and Ethics in Jacques Derrida and Amartya Sen, Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities, Volume (29), Issue (1-2), UK, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1080/0969725X.2024.2322271 .

John B. Davis and Solange Regina Marin, Identity and democracy: linking individual and social reasoning, Development, Volume (52), Issue (4), 2009. https://doi.org/10.1057/dev.2009.77 .

Mozaffar Qizilbash, Identity, community, and justice: locating Amartya Sen's work on identity, Politics, Philosophy and Economics, Sage, USA, Volume (8), Issue (3), 2009, https://doi.org/10.1177/1470594X09105386 .

NUNO MARTINS, Rules, Social Ontology and Collective Identity, Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, Wiley-Blackwell, USA, Volume (39), Issue (3), 2009. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5914.2009.00406.x .

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Amartya Sen, Curriculum Vitae, Harvard University, January 2013, Accessed February 1, 2025. https://scholar.harvard.edu/sites/scholar.harvard.edu/files/sen/files/cv_sen_amartya_jan2013_0.pdf.

The Nobel Prize, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998, Accessed February 1, 2025. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1998/summary

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 1990: Concept and Measurement of Human Development. Accessed February 11, 2025. https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdr1990encompletenostats.pdf.

University of Oxford. Romanes Lecture. Accessed March 11, 2025. https://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/The-University-Year/romanes-lecture.