ممارسات السقالات التعليمية في منطقة النمو القريب
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21271/zjhs.29.SpC.44الكلمات المفتاحية:
Scaffolding, Sociocultural Theory, Zone of Proximal Development, Teacher–Student Interaction, Private Schoolsالملخص
الملخص
تبحث هذه الدراسة في ممارسات الدعم التعليمي التسقيلي التي يستخدمها معلمو اللغة الإنجليزية في المدارس الأهلية في السليمانية ضمن إطار التنمية القريبة (ZPD). ورغم أن الدعم التعليمي يُعد على نطاق واسع استراتيجية تربوية أساسية لردم الفجوة بين قدرات المتعلمين الحالية وتطورهم المحتمل، فإن الأبحاث التي تناولت تطبيقه في القطاع الخاص في إقليم كردستان العراق ما تزال محدودة. اعتمدت الدراسة تصميم البحث المختلط (MMR)، جامعـةً بين البيانات الكمية والنوعية التي جُمعت من خلال استبيانات للمعلمين، ومقابلات شبه منظمة، وملاحظات صفية. شمل المشاركون 35 معلماً للغة الإنجليزية و105 طلاب من الصف السادس الابتدائي في 28 مدرسة أهلية، مع اختيار ستة معلمين من مدرستين لإجراء التجربة الأولية. أظهرت النتائج تكراراً مرتفعاً لاستخدام استراتيجيات الدعم التعليمي التسقيلي، مثل تقسيم المهام المعقدة إلى مهام فرعية أبسط، بينما كان الدعم الفردي المخصص لكل متعلم نادراً. وتختتم الدراسة بعدد من التوصيات والمقترحات لدراسات لاحقة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: إطار التنمية القريبة، علم اللغة النفسي، التسقیل
المراجع
- Burton, D. and Bartlett, L., 2009. The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
- Anderson, J.R., 2010. Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications. 7th ed. New York: Worth Publishers.
- Bruner, J., 1983. Child’s Talk: Learning to Use Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Burton, D. and Bartlett, L., 2009. The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. 4th ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
- Cannell, C.F. and Kahn, R.L., 1968. Interviewing: A Handbook of Social Science Methods. New York: John Wiley.
- Cornell, D., 2023. Educational Psychology and Scaffolding. New York: Routledge.
- Creswell, J.W. and Plano Clark, V.L., 2017. Designing and Conducting Mixed Methods Research. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Denzin, N.K., 1989. The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Dörnyei, Z., 2007. Research Methods in Applied Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Fosnot, C.T. and Perry, R.S., 2005. Constructivism: A psychological theory of learning. In: C.T. Fosnot, ed. Constructivism: Theory, Perspectives, and Practice. 2nd ed. New York: Teachers College Press, pp. 8–38.
- Fowler Jr., F.J., 2009. Survey Research Methods. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Gass, S.M. and Selinker, L., 2008. Second Language Acquisition: An Introductory Course. 3rd ed. New York: Routledge.
- Gibbons, P., 2002. Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning: Teaching Second Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Gibbons, P., 2015. Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning: Teaching English Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom. 2nd ed. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Goldie, J.G.S., 2016. Connectivism: A knowledge learning theory for the digital age? Medical Teacher, 38(10), pp.1064–1069.
- Hammond, J. and Gibbons, P., 2005. Putting scaffolding to work: The contribution of scaffolding in articulating ESL education. Prospect, 20(1), pp.6–30.
- Johnson, A.P., 2011. A Short Guide to Action Research. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson.
- Johnson, B., 2011. Behaviorism and Learning Theories. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Kvale, S., 1996. Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
- Lantolf, J.P. and Poehner, M.E., 2014. Sociocultural Theory and the Pedagogical Imperative in L2 Education: Vygotskian Praxis and the Research/Practice Divide. New York: Routledge.
- Lantolf, J.P. and Thorne, S.L., 2006. Sociocultural Theory and the Genesis of Second Language Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second Language Research: Methodology and Design. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge.
- McHugh, M.L., 2012. Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), pp.276–282.
- Piaget, J., 1952. The Origins of Intelligence in Children. New York: International Universities Press.
- Punch, K.F., 2005. Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 2nd ed. London: SAGE Publications.
- Sazali, N., Hussain, M., Ali, A.A. and Hossain, S., 2022. The role of scaffolding in second language acquisition: A study in the context of EFL. Journal of Language Teaching, 15(3), pp.65–80.
- Shabani, K., Khatib, M. and Ebadi, S., 2010. Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development: Instructional implications and teachers’ professional development. English Language Teaching, 3(4), pp.237–248.
- Siemens, G., 2005. Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(1), pp.3–10.
- Skinner, B.F., 1957. Verbal Behavior. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- Sternberg, R.J., 2008. Cognitive Psychology. 5th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Swain, M., Kinnear, P. and Steinman, L., 2015. Sociocultural Theory in Second Language Education: An Introduction through Narratives. 2nd ed. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
- Vygotsky, L.S., 1978. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Vygotsky, L.S., 1986. Thought and Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- Walqui, A., 2006. Scaffolding instruction for English language learners: A conceptual framework. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(2), pp.159–180.
- Wertsch, J.V., 1991. Voices of the Mind: A Sociocultural Approach to Mediated Action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Wood, D., Bruner, J.S. and Ross, G., 1976. The role of tutoring in problem solving. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17(2), pp.89–100.
التنزيلات
منشور
كيفية الاقتباس
إصدار
القسم
الرخصة
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2025 Shangar Abubakr Mohammed, Rauf Kareem Mahmood
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
